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Edexcel Biology GCSE - Cellular Respiration and Transport Part 5

Biology17 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts of cellular respiration and transport in biology, including the differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration, the body's response to exercise, and the human circulatory system.

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Muscles need energy to contract. While exercising, the muscles need additional energy. Several changes take place in the body to enable this:

the breathing rate and volume of each breath increases to bring more oxygen into the body and remove the carbon dioxide produced the heart rate increases, to supply the muscles with extra oxygen and remove the carbon dioxide produced
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Muscles need energy to contract. While exercising, the muscles need additional energy. Several changes take place in the body to enable this:
the breathing rate and volume of each breath increases to bring more oxygen into the body and remove the carbon dioxide produced the heart rate increa...
Response to exercise | if insufficient oxygen is available to muscles
If insufficient oxygen is available to the muscles, for instance the exercise is vigorous and/or prolonged, the heart and lungs are unable to supply s...
In the human body | During long periods of vigorous activity:
lactic acid levels build up glycogen reserves in the muscles become low as more glucose is used for respiration, and additional glucose is transported...
The buildup of lactic acid produces what?
This build-up of lactic acid produces an oxygen debt.
What happens as body stores of glycogen become low?
As body stores of glycogen become low, the person suffers from muscle fatigue.
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration compared presence of glucose
Aerobic respiration: present Anaerobic respiration: absent or in short supply
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Edexcel Biology GCSE - Cellular Respiration and Transport Part 5
TermDefinition
Muscles need energy to contract. While exercising, the muscles need additional energy. Several changes take place in the body to enable this:
the breathing rate and volume of each breath increases to bring more oxygen into the body and remove the carbon dioxide produced the heart rate increases, to supply the muscles with extra oxygen and remove the carbon dioxide produced
Response to exercise | if insufficient oxygen is available to muscles
If insufficient oxygen is available to the muscles, for instance the exercise is vigorous and/or prolonged, the heart and lungs are unable to supply sufficient oxygen. Muscles begin to respire anaerobically. Lactic acid is produced from glucose, instead of carbon dioxide and water. Muscles continue to contract, but less efficiently.
In the human body | During long periods of vigorous activity:
lactic acid levels build up glycogen reserves in the muscles become low as more glucose is used for respiration, and additional glucose is transported from the liver
The buildup of lactic acid produces what?
This build-up of lactic acid produces an oxygen debt.
What happens as body stores of glycogen become low?
As body stores of glycogen become low, the person suffers from muscle fatigue.
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration compared presence of glucose
Aerobic respiration: present Anaerobic respiration: absent or in short supply
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration compared Oxidation of glucose
Aerobic respiration: Complete Anaerobic respiration: Incomplete. The products of respiration still contain energy.
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration compared Products of respiration
Aerobic respiration: Carbon dioxide and water. The products do not contain stored chemical energy. Anaerobic respiration: Mammalian muscle - lactic acid. Plants and microorganisms - ethanol and carbon dioxide. The products still contain stored chemical energy.
Aerobic and anaerobic respiration compared Amount of energy released
Aerobic respiration: Relatively large amount Anaerobic respiration: Relatively large amount
Method of measuring the rate of respiration using a respirometer
The apparatus consists of two tubes, one containing the living organisms and the other with glass beads to act as a control. Both tubes contain an alkali such as sodium hydroxide to absorb any carbon dioxide given off during respiration. This ensures that any volume changes measured in the experiment are due to oxygen uptake only. Once the apparatus has been set up, the movement of the coloured liquid towards the insect will give a measure of the volume of oxygen taken up by the insect for respiration. The reduction of volume in the tube increases pressure causing the coloured liquid to move. The distance moved by the liquid in a given time is measured will provide the volume of oxygen taken in by the insect per minute. Volume is given by volume of a cylinder V = (pi) x r^2 x h, where h is the distance moved by the coloured liquid. The unit of rate of respiration is cm^3/min. To investigate temperature the experiment is repeated at different temperatures, eg 10, 15, 20, 25, 30°C.
Why do large multicellular organisms need transport systems while simple unicellular organisms do not?
Large organisms have a much smaller surface area to volume ratio compared to smaller ones
How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?
Carbon dioxide is transported dissolved in the blood plasma. Urea, hormones and digested food are also transported in the plasma.
Which type of blood vessel contains valves?
vein
What sort of circulatory system is the human circulatory system?
double
Which chamber of the heart produces the highest pressure in the blood?
The left ventricle produces the highest pressure as it needs to pump blood along the aorta to the head and the rest of the body.
Compared with aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration releases how much energy?
Less energy
What is the name of the apparatus used to determine the respiration rate?
Respirometer