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Edexcel Biology GCSE - Cellular Respiration and Transport Part 3

Biology25 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts related to the immune system, blood transport, and the circulatory system, including the roles of phagocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, and the structure and function of blood vessels and the heart.

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Both phagocytes and lymphocytes are part of what?

Both phagocytes and lymphocytes are part of the body's immune system.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Both phagocytes and lymphocytes are part of what?
Both phagocytes and lymphocytes are part of the body's immune system.
Other than antibodies, lymphocytes may also release what?
Lymphocytes may also release antitoxins that stick to the toxins that the microorganism makes, which stops it damaging the body.
Platelets
Platelets are cell fragments produced by giant cells in the bone marrow.
Platelets stop bleeding in two main ways:
they have proteins on their surface that enable them to stick to breaks in a blood vessel and clump together they secrete proteins that result in a se...
What is blood transported in?
Blood is transported in arteries, veins and capillaries.
How does blood travel to and from the heart?
Blood is pumped from the heart in the arteries. It is returned to the heart in the veins.
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Edexcel Biology GCSE - Cellular Respiration and Transport Part 3
TermDefinition
Both phagocytes and lymphocytes are part of what?
Both phagocytes and lymphocytes are part of the body's immune system.
Other than antibodies, lymphocytes may also release what?
Lymphocytes may also release antitoxins that stick to the toxins that the microorganism makes, which stops it damaging the body.
Platelets
Platelets are cell fragments produced by giant cells in the bone marrow.
Platelets stop bleeding in two main ways:
they have proteins on their surface that enable them to stick to breaks in a blood vessel and clump together they secrete proteins that result in a series of chemical reactions that make blood clot, which plugs a wound
What is blood transported in?
Blood is transported in arteries, veins and capillaries.
How does blood travel to and from the heart?
Blood is pumped from the heart in the arteries. It is returned to the heart in the veins.
Function of capillaries
The capillaries connect the two types of blood vessel (arteries and veins) and molecules are exchanged between the blood and the cells across their walls.
Structure of arteries
lumen (narrow) inner lining (endothelium) muscle and elastic fibres connective tissue
Structure of veins
lumen (wide) inner lining (endothelium) muscle and elastic fibres connective tissue
Features of arteries
Always carry blood away from the heart Carry oxygenated blood, except for the pulmonary artery Carry blood under high pressure Have thick muscular and elastic walls to pump and accommodate blood A type of supporting tissue called connective tissue provides strength The channel in the blood vessel that carries blood - the lumen - is narrow
features of veins
Always carry blood to the heart Always carry blood to the heart Carry blood under low or negative pressure Have thin walls - have less muscular tissue than arteries Have less connective tissue than arteries Have a wide lumen
Diffusion | capillaries
The walls of capillaries are just one cell thick. Capillaries therefore allow the exchange of molecules between the blood and the body's cells - molecules can diffuse across their walls. This exchange of molecules is not possible across the walls of other types of blood vessel.
Exchange of molecules into cells
oxygen diffuses through the capillary wall, into the tissue fluid, and the cells glucose diffuses from the blood plasma, across the capillary walls to the tissue fluid, and then to the cells
Exchange of molecules out of cells
carbon dioxide diffuses from the cells into the tissue fluid, then across the capillary walls into the blood plasma the waste product urea diffuses from the cells of the liver, to the tissue fluid, and then across the capillary walls into the blood plasma
Structure of heart | basic overview
The heart has four chambers - two atria and two ventricles.
Flow of blood through the heart
Blood enters the heart through the atria. Blood from two vena cavae enters the right atrium. Blood from the pulmonary veins enters the left atrium.The atria fill, followed by the ventricles. Blood is prevented from flowing back into the atria by heart valves.
Path of blood leaving the heart
Blood leaves the heart in the body's main artery - the aorta - from the left side, and the pulmonary artery, from the right.
Humans have a double circulatory system. The heart pumps blood through two circuits:
The pulmonary circulation | - The systemic circulation
The pulmonary circulation transports blood to the lungs. At the lungs:
oxygendiffuses into the blood from the alveoli - the blood becomes oxygenated carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the lungs.
The systemic circulation transports:
oxygen and nutrients to the body | - carbon dioxide and other wastes away from cells
The heart double circulation which circulation system delivers blood to the extremities of the body?
The systemic circulation is under high pressure - it has to deliver blood to the extremities of the body.
The wall of which ventricle are thicker? | Why ?
The walls of the left ventricle are thicker and contain more muscle than those of the right ventricle. This is to create more pressure on the blood ready for entering the systemic circulation.
The pulmonary circulation is under lower pressure, because:
blood is delivered to the lungs only, which are very close to the heart in a healthy person, this lower pressure is optimum for the diffusion of gases
How many time does blood pass through the heart in one complete circulation of the body?
Blood passes through the heart twice in one complete circulation of the body.
Describe the path of blood through one complete circulation of the body.
1) Deoxygenated blood from the body enters the right atrium 2) Blood passes from the right atrium to the left ventricle, then to the lungs. 3) Oxygenated blood from the lungs enters the left atrium. 4) Blood passes into the left ventricle through the aorta and into the body Note that although this is shown as a sequence, the atria contract in unison, and when full, the ventricles also contract in unison. Part of the blood is being delivered to the body, while the remainder of the blood is being transported to the lungs. This means that oxygen can be picked up from the lungs, while at the same time, blood is also being delivered to the body.