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Edexcel Biology GCSE - Cellular Respiration and Transport Part 4

Biology20 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts related to cardiac output, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, and the energy needs of organisms. It includes equations, definitions, and the effects of exercise on cardiac output.

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What is cardiac output?

Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped out by the left ventricle every minute.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What is cardiac output?
Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped out by the left ventricle every minute.
Cardiac out put equation
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate CO = SV x HR
Units for cardiac output equation
CO = cm^3 per minute (cm^3/min) SV = cm^3 HR = beats per minute (bpm)
Relationship between: Cardiac output and heart rate cardiac output and stroke volume
If the heart rate increases, cardiac output increases. Also if stroke volume increases, cardiac output will increase.
How exercise effects cardiac output
During exercise, the heart rate increases and the force of contraction of the ventricles increases, therefore cardiac output and stroke volume increas...
Q. If the SV is 72 cm3 and the CO is 5400 cm3/min, what is the HR?
HR = CO/SV = 5400/72 = 75 bpm
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Edexcel Biology GCSE - Cellular Respiration and Transport Part 4
TermDefinition
What is cardiac output?
Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped out by the left ventricle every minute.
Cardiac out put equation
Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate CO = SV x HR
Units for cardiac output equation
CO = cm^3 per minute (cm^3/min) SV = cm^3 HR = beats per minute (bpm)
Relationship between: Cardiac output and heart rate cardiac output and stroke volume
If the heart rate increases, cardiac output increases. Also if stroke volume increases, cardiac output will increase.
How exercise effects cardiac output
During exercise, the heart rate increases and the force of contraction of the ventricles increases, therefore cardiac output and stroke volume increase.
Q. If the SV is 72 cm3 and the CO is 5400 cm3/min, what is the HR?
HR = CO/SV = 5400/72 = 75 bpm
Circulation | one way flow
Blood must flow one way only through the circulatory system. Valves in the heart, aorta and veins ensure this one-way flow.
All organisms need energy to carry out metabolic processes. This energy is used:
To drive the chemical reactions needed to keep organisms alive. An example is the reactions used to build complex carbohydrates, proteins and lipids from the products of photosynthesis in plants, and the products of digestion in animals. Movement - in animals, energy is needed to make muscles contract, while in plants, it is needed for phloem transport. For cell division. To maintain constant conditions in cells and the body - homeostasis. To move molecules against concentration gradients in active transport. For the transmission of nerve impulses.
Heat released through respiration | in animals
As animals respire, heat is also released. In birds and mammals, this heat is distributed around the body by the blood and helps to maintain a constant internal temperature.
Respiration using oxygen to break down food molecules is called what?
aerobic respiration
Aerobic respiration | glucose
Glucose is the molecule normally used for respiration - it is the main respiratory substrate. Glucose is oxidised to release its energy.
word equation for arorbic respiration
glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy released)
Chemical equation for aerobic respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Basic summary of respiration
The first stages of respiration occur in the cytoplasm of cells, but most of the energy released is in the mitochondria.
Anaerobic respiration | overview
During anaerobic respiration, the oxidation of glucose is incomplete. The reaction therefore releases much less energy - around a nineteenth of the energy released during aerobic respiration.
Anaerobic respiration | in animals
Animal muscles can respire anaerobically for short periods of time - even though the process is relatively inefficient, it's better to continue respiring and be able to run away from danger - or run a race.
Equation for which glucose in muscle is converted to lactic acid:
glucose → lactic acid (+ energy released)
Anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms Which plants and/or microorganisms do this?
Some plants, and some fungi such as yeast can respire anaerobically - it's preferable to release less energy but remain alive.
Anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms alcohol
Glucose in yeast cells is converted to carbon dioxide and ethanol, which we refer to simply as 'alcohol'. This reaction is also called fermentation: glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ energy released)
Anaerobic respiration in plants and microorganisms where does it occur?
Anaerobic respiration occurs only in the cytoplasm of cells.