Edexcel Biology Gcse - Organisation of an Ecosystem Part 2

Decomposers are bacteria and fungi, which break down dead organisms in a process called decomposition or rotting. They do this by releasing enzymes onto the dead matter and afterwards, consume the broken down substances. They form a vital role in the recycling of matter. When organisms die and decompose plants absorb the broken down nutrients through their roots.

It is important to estimate the number of organisms in a population to better understand the relationships in a community. This information is useful for monitoring the impact of conservation projects that aim to conserve endangered species or habitats. It is almost always impossible to count all of the organisms in a population. So we look at a small section of a population to draw conclusions about the rest. This process is called sampling and the area or part of population looked at is called a sample.

When sampling a population, the numbers of organisms are counted within a sample site, and then the results multiplied to estimate the total number in the entire habitat. Large animals and plants can often simply be counted. However, many smaller animals like insects and smaller mammals need to be trapped first so they can be counted and then released afterwards.

Many smaller animals like insects and smaller mammals need to be trapped first so they can be counted and then released afterwards.

Pitfall traps are small traps dug into the ground, which often has food inside to attract small mammals. The sides of these traps are smooth to stop the mammals escaping.

Many smaller animals like insects and smaller mammals need to be trapped first so they can be counted and then released afterwards.

A method is to use large nets to sweep through grasses or leaves of trees in a process called sweep netting. To catch aquatic organism nets are often held downstream of an area of river bed which is then gently disturbed by the person doing the sampling. The small animals float into the net. This is called kick-sampling.

Many smaller animals like insects and smaller mammals need to be trapped first so they can be counted and then released afterwards.

Pooters are small devices used when sampling to suck up small insects safely without them going into your mouth.

Quadrats are square frames of wire usually 0.25 m2. These are placed on the ground to look at the plants or slow-moving animals within them.

Number of individual species

Species richness

Percentage cover

Number of an individual species: the total number of individuals of one species (eg daisies) is recorded.

Species richness: the number of different plant or animal species is recorded but not the number of individuals within a species.

Percentage cover: the percentage of the quadrat area that is covered by one species (eg grass). This is easier to estimate if a quadrat has wires making smaller sections. Percentage cover rather than number of individuals is used when estimating plant frequencies if it is difficult to identify individual plants, such as grasses or moss.

Random sampling using a quadrat involves the placing of quadrats at random coordinates. Regardless of whether you are investigating the number of individual species, the species diversity or the percentage cover in different areas you would use random sampling.

Most sampling is random, but systematic sampling can be used if there is a trend or pattern across the habitat, such as distance up a beach, or altitude on a hillside. If you are using the wrong kind of sampling method for your experiment, this can lead to biased results.

Sometimes we want to see if the number of species or percentage cover changes within an area. This is often as a result of a change in an abiotic factor.

An example of this is an investigation into whether the growth of seaweed depends upon the distance it is found on the seashore from the tide. As we are looking to link a linear change (in this case the number of hours the seaweed is covered by the tide) we would use systematic sampling.

A quadrat could be placed at regular distances, for example every five metres, along an imaginary line called a transect, which would run down the shore. Systematic sampling would be used along the transect to link changes in species to abiotic factors, such as immersion by water, temperature fluctuations, light intensity, all of which are influenced by the tide.

The results from transects can be drawn into kite diagrams. The width of the bar from the middle at any distance shows how many individuals were observed at that point.

A change in the distribution of species across a habitat is called zonation. It can happen because of a change in an abiotic factor.

The mean is the most common type of average we use. To calculate the mean you add all the values together and divide by the total number of values.

To calculate the median, a set of numbers are placed in increasing order of size. The median is the middle number in the list. The two students took an even number of readings, and they calculated the median as the mean of the two middle numbers.

The mode is the value that appears the most often. In the shade, the mode is four because there are three values of four. In the sun, it is five because there are three values of five.

The second trophic level in all food chains is an herbivore or omnivore called a primary consumer.

The third stage is a carnivore or omnivore which eats the primary consumer. This is called the secondary consumer