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LGS A-Level OCR Biology - Excretion, Homeostasis, and the Liver
This deck covers key concepts from A-Level OCR Biology Unit 5, focusing on excretion, homeostasis, and liver functions, including protein metabolism, detoxification, and nephron processes.
Protein metabolism in the liver
Protein synthesis of plasma proteins; Deamination to form keto acid and NH2; Transamination to make new amino acids
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Protein metabolism in the liver
Protein synthesis of plasma proteins; Deamination to form keto acid and NH2; Transamination to make new amino acids
Fate of keto acids
Kreb’s cycle (respration)
Portal triads
Hepatic Artery; Bile duct; Hepatic Portal Vein
Bile canaliculi
Drains bile from hepatacytes to bile duct
Where does deamination occur
In hepatocytes
Keto acid
An acid with a carboxylic acid group and a ketone group
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Protein metabolism in the liver | Protein synthesis of plasma proteins; Deamination to form keto acid and NH2; Transamination to make new amino acids |
Fate of keto acids | Kreb’s cycle (respration) |
Portal triads | Hepatic Artery; Bile duct; Hepatic Portal Vein |
Bile canaliculi | Drains bile from hepatacytes to bile duct |
Where does deamination occur | In hepatocytes |
Keto acid | An acid with a carboxylic acid group and a ketone group |
Equation of deamination | Amino acid + oxygen ---> keto acid + ammonia |
Ornithine cycle | 2NH3 + ornithine + CO2 (from respiration) ---> H2O + urea (circulates in blood until filtered by kidney) |
Detoxification of alcohol | Alcohol is broken down by hepatocytes by alcohol dehydrogenase to make ethanal which is further dehydrogenated by ethanal dehydrogenase to make ethanoate; NAD is needed to oxidise and breakdown fatty acids |
Uses of ethanoate | Build up fatty acids | Cellular respiration |
Pressures in the glomerulus | Hydrostatic pressure; Oncotic pressure; Capsular pressure |
Calculating net pressure in the nephron | Hp - (Op + Cp) |
Where does blood leave from the nephron | Efferent arteriole |
Whats in the glomerular filtrate | Glucose; Amino acids; Ions (sodium, potassim, etc); Urea; Water |
Where does ultrafiltration occur | Bowman's Capsule |
Process of ultrafiltration | Blood flows through fenestrations in endothelium then basement membrane then podocytes (3 layers); Basement membrane consists of fine mesh of collagen fibres and glycoproteins, preventing proteins and rbc's leaving; Podocytes have projecting fingers that wrap around capillaries; Tiny slits are left between interlocked podocytes |
How does blood reach Bowman's capsule | Diameter of afferent arteriole > diameter of efferent arteriole; Build up of hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus capillaries so blood is forced through slits of podocytes into Bowman's Capsule |
Components of nephron | Glomerulus; Bowman's capsule; Loop of Henle; Proximal convoluted tubule; Distal convoluted tubule; Collecting duct |
Glomerulus | High hydrostatic pressure mass of capillaries that filters blood |
Function of proximal convoluted tubule | Selective reabsorption |