Housekeeping genes
Genes that code for proteins which are necessary for reactions in metabolic pathways and are constantly required (enzymes)
Key Terms
Housekeeping genes
Genes that code for proteins which are necessary for reactions in metabolic pathways and are constantly required (enzymes)
Who has only exons
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes without jaw bones
| Jaw boned eukaryotes have introns and exons
Terminator region
Does not code for protein
Regulatory site
RNA polymerase is released to stop trancription
RNA-coding sequence
Genes turn into mRNA
| Has both introns and exons but introns are removed from premature mRNA during splicing to form mature mRNA
Methods to regulate gene expression at transcriptional level
Histone modification
| Transcription factors
Histone modification
Histones are +vely charged and DNA. -vely charged --> attraction
Modify charges to change degree of packaging
Acetylation and phosph...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Housekeeping genes | Genes that code for proteins which are necessary for reactions in metabolic pathways and are constantly required (enzymes) |
Who has only exons | Prokaryotes and eukaryotes without jaw bones | Jaw boned eukaryotes have introns and exons |
Terminator region | Does not code for protein Regulatory site RNA polymerase is released to stop trancription |
RNA-coding sequence | Genes turn into mRNA | Has both introns and exons but introns are removed from premature mRNA during splicing to form mature mRNA |
Methods to regulate gene expression at transcriptional level | Histone modification | Transcription factors |
Histone modification | Histones are +vely charged and DNA. -vely charged --> attraction Modify charges to change degree of packaging Acetylation and phosphorylation reduce +ve charge so transcription happens Methylation increase +ve charge so transcription doesn't occur |
Transcription factors as a method of gene expression | Control rate of transcription by binding to spp DNA sequences Regulate genes to make sure they are expressed correctly Work alone or w/ others as an activator or repressor of RNA polymerase |
Regulating gene expression at the post transcriptional level | RNA processing RNA editing siRNA Happens simultaneously |
RNA processing | Pre-mRNA is modified --> mature-mRN A binds to ribosme and code for synthesis Adenine cap is added at 5' and tail at 3' Stabilises mRNA and delays degradation in cytoplasm, aids binding Splicing and the addn. of adenine cap and tail occur in the nucleus |
RNA editing | Some mRNA can be changed through base pair add., deln. or subn. Same effects as point mutations and results in synthesis of diff proteins w/ diff function s Increases range of proteins that can be produced from one mRNA strand |
Regulating gene expression at the translational level | Degradation of mRNA Binding of inhibitory proteins Protein kinases |
Degradation of mRNA | More resilient the molecule, the longer it lasts in cytoplasm, more translation |
Binding of inhibitory proteins | Occurs when protein is produced in wrong location or substrate is not available |
Regulation of gene expression at the post translational level | Protein activation - allows protein to carry out its function |
Protein activation | Occurs in Golgi Adding non protein groups e.g. carbs, phosphates Phosphorylation by protein kinases and ATP Folding/ shortening proteins (2' structure) Modification by cAMP |
Control sites | Operator region and promoter region |
Beta galactoside | An enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of lactose to glucose and galactose |
Lactose permease | A protein that transports lactose into the cell |
Lac i | Regulatory gene Codes for repressor protein (transcription factor) Always transcribed |
Lac p | Promoter region | Rna polymerase binds here |