Lac o
Operator region of control site
Repressor protein binds here
When lactose is present causes a conformational change in repressor protein allowing it to bind to lactose instead
Key Terms
Lac o
Operator region of control site
Repressor protein binds here
When lactose is present causes a conformational change in repressor protei...
Lac z
Structural gene codes for beta galactoside
Lac y
Structural gene that codes for lactose permease
Lac operon
Inducible operon (only occurs when lactose is present from diffusion through lactose channels )
Example of transcriptional regulation
G...
Mechanism of apoptosis
Cytoskeleton broken down by enzymes, loses function
Cell shrinks and the membrane blebs, chromatin condenses
Lysosomes release enzymes ...
Uses of apoptosis
Morphogenesis - eliminating excess cells (webbed fingers)
Selection - eliminates non functional cells
Immunity - T killer eliminates da...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Lac o | Operator region of control site Repressor protein binds here When lactose is present causes a conformational change in repressor protein allowing it to bind to lactose instead |
Lac z | Structural gene codes for beta galactoside |
Lac y | Structural gene that codes for lactose permease |
Lac operon | Inducible operon (only occurs when lactose is present from diffusion through lactose channels ) Example of transcriptional regulation Group of 3 genes involved in metabolism of lactose |
Mechanism of apoptosis | Cytoskeleton broken down by enzymes, loses function Cell shrinks and the membrane blebs, chromatin condenses Lysosomes release enzymes which break down cell components Cell breaks up into membrane-bound fragments Cell fragments are ingested and digested by phagocytic cells |
Uses of apoptosis | Morphogenesis - eliminating excess cells (webbed fingers) Selection - eliminates non functional cells Immunity - T killer eliminates dangerous cells (cancer) Organ size - eliminates excess cells Tissue remodelling - eliminates cells no longer need (breastfeeding) |
Somatic cell | Body cell |
Germ line cells | Gametes |
Germline mutations | Mutations in gametes so can cause genetic diseases and are passed on |
Somatic mutations | Not inherited but can cause ageing and cancer | Result of mutations in normal diploid cells |
Homeobox genes | Regulatory genes that contain a homeobox sequence (180 bp) Highly conserved in animals, plants and fungi Regulates mitosis and apoptosis in the embryonic stage Control body plans of an organism |
Homeotic genes | Set of genes that control morphology |
Homeodomain | Section of the protein coded for by the homeobox sequence (60 AA) |
Hox genes | Sub type of homeobox genes Only found in vertebrates and animals Found in clusters on chromosomes Controls body plans and morphology |
What do Hox genes code for | A group of TF's that controls expression of structural genes associated w/ the development of an organism's appendages during its embryonic stage to form a mature body plan |
What does a mutation of a Hox gene lead to | Diff body plan |
What ensures features are expressed correctly | Hox genes in a Hox cluster are activated in a particular order depending on where its found on the chromosome This matches order genes are expressed along H to T So structural genes are activated in a carefully coordinated sequence |
Why are Hox genes highly conserved | V. important Mutations alter body plans Mutations are selected against |
Polypeptides that control the physical development of an organism | Structural proteins Enzymes used in metabolic pathways Hormones Receptor proteins |
Protein kinases | Activated by cyclic AMP and activate proteins through phosphorylation using ATP |
siRNA | Small interfering RNA - only needed when cell has made sufficient protein Complementary base sequence to mRNA that's to be degraded Binds to mRNA and activates an enzyme that breaks it down RNA nucleotides recycled to nucleus |