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Back to AI Flashcard MakerBiology /LGS A-Level OCR Biology - Unit 4 - Communicable Disease, Disease Prevention and the Immune System Part 3

LGS A-Level OCR Biology - Unit 4 - Communicable Disease, Disease Prevention and the Immune System Part 3

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This deck covers key concepts from Unit 4 of the OCR Biology A-Level syllabus, focusing on communicable diseases, disease prevention, and the immune system.

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Where are mucous membranes found?

In many of the body tracts that are at risk of infection as they are in contact with the external environment
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Where are mucous membranes found?
In many of the body tracts that are at risk of infection as they are in contact with the external environment
What happens when mucus wafts to the top of the trachea?
It enters the oesophagus and is swallowed. Most pathogens are killed by the acidity of the stomach
Examples of expulsive reflexes?
Coughing Sneezing Vomiting
What are expulsive reflexes a result of?
Irritation by micro-organisms or toxins in areas that are sensitive. The aim is to expel the microorganism
What happens when platelets come into contact with collagen in the skin or walls of damaged blood vessels?
They adhere and begin secreting several substances including clotting factors and serotonin
Clotting factors?
Thromboplastin
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LGS A-Level OCR Biology - Unit 4 - Communicable Disease, Disease Prevention and the Immune System Part 3
TermDefinition
Where are mucous membranes found?
In many of the body tracts that are at risk of infection as they are in contact with the external environment
What happens when mucus wafts to the top of the trachea?
It enters the oesophagus and is swallowed. Most pathogens are killed by the acidity of the stomach
Examples of expulsive reflexes?
Coughing Sneezing Vomiting
What are expulsive reflexes a result of?
Irritation by micro-organisms or toxins in areas that are sensitive. The aim is to expel the microorganism
What happens when platelets come into contact with collagen in the skin or walls of damaged blood vessels?
They adhere and begin secreting several substances including clotting factors and serotonin
Clotting factors?
Thromboplastin
What does thromboplastin trigger?
An enzyme cascade of reactions resulting in the formation of a blood clot. The final step is soluble fibrinogen being converted into insoluble fibrin fibres which forms a barrier
What does serotonin do?
Makes the smooth muscle in the walls of the blood vessels contract, reducing supply of blood to the area
Inflammatory response?
This is a localised response to pathogens resulting in inflammation at the site of a wound Causes pain, heat, redness and tissue swelling
When mast cells are activated in damaged tissues, what chemicals are released from the cell?
Histamines | Cytokines
Histamines?
Makes arterioles dilate to increase blood flow (cause redness) and makes the capillary walls more leaky so more plasma is forced out. The extra tissue fluid causes oedema and pain
Oedema?
Swelling
What do macrophages measure?
Amount of bacteria entering the body
Roles of macrophages?
Swallow pathogens and trap them in membranes; Breaks down pathogens by enzymes and kills them; Cause inflammation by ordering blood vessels to release water; Release interleukins
How long do neutrophils last?
Only 5 days
Parasite?
A microorganism that lives on a host and feeds on it | Causes harm to host
Secondary defences?
Defences that combat pathogens once they have entered the body
How is it that we identify pathogens as foreign?
All cells have antigens. Antigens not specific to the organism (self) are recognised as foreign
Antigens?
Functional proteins/glycosidic proteins intrinsic to the plasma membrane
Opsonins?
Opsonins are protein molecules (antibodies) that attach to the antigens on the surface of a pathogen and assist binding to phagocyte; Can be vey specific or not depending if they're part of the non-specific response or specific response
Role of opsonins?
Enhances the ability of phagocytic cells to bind and engulf the pathogen by acting as a marker
Phagocytes?
Specialised cells in the blood and tissue fluid that engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis)
Examples of phagocytes?
Neutrophils; Macrophages; Dendrites
Dendritic cells?
Specialised forms of macrophages
Process of phagocytosis?
Neutrophils bind to opsonins attached to antigen on pathogen Pathogen engulfed (endocytosis) --> phagosomes Lysosomes fuses with phagosome, releases hydrolytic enzymes (digestion) After digestion harmless products are absorbed by the cell