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LGS A-Level OCR Biology - Unit 4 - Communicable Disease, Disease Prevention and the Immune System Part 4
This deck covers key concepts from Unit 4 of the OCR A-Level Biology syllabus, focusing on communicable diseases, disease prevention, and the immune system.
When are neutrophils released in large numbers?
During infection
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
When are neutrophils released in large numbers?
During infection
When is pus formed?
When neutrophils have collected in an area of infection
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)?
Macrophages | Dendritic cells
How do cells become APCs?
Larger cells manufactured in the bone marrow Travel in the blood as monocytes before maturing into macrophages and dendritic cells When pathogen is en...
MHC proteins?
Special protein complex
What do MHC proteins ensure?
That the APCs aren't mistaken for a foreign cell and attacked by other pathogens
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
When are neutrophils released in large numbers? | During infection |
When is pus formed? | When neutrophils have collected in an area of infection |
Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)? | Macrophages | Dendritic cells |
How do cells become APCs? | Larger cells manufactured in the bone marrow Travel in the blood as monocytes before maturing into macrophages and dendritic cells When pathogen is engulfed, it is not fully digested but instead saved and moved onto MHC proteins on the surface of the cell |
MHC proteins? | Special protein complex |
What do MHC proteins ensure? | That the APCs aren't mistaken for a foreign cell and attacked by other pathogens |
What happens when APCs move to the lymph node? | The APC binds to the T cell with the correct receptors and activates to so it can start clonal selection |
Where are dendritic cells found? | In peripheral tissues |
What are neutrophils attracted to? | Monokines - type of cytokines (chemotaxis) |
What do T helper cells release? | Cytokines | These stimulate phagocytosis and B cells to develop |
What do all T cells release? | Interleukins (type of cytokines) |
T killer cells? | Attack and kill host-body cells that display the foreign antigen |
What are T killer cells stimulated by? | interferon |
What do T memory cells provide? | Long term immunity |
Plasma cells? | Develop from B cells Circulate in the blood manufacturing & releasing antibodies Produce antibodies that attach to antigens on pathogens and disable them |
B memory cells? | Develop from B cells; Remain in the body for a number of years & act as the neurological memory; If infected by the same pathogen again divide rapidly to form plasma cell clones |
What does the specific immune response produce? | Antibodies |
Clonal expansion? | Once activated the T-lymphocyte divides rapidly by mitosis |
What do T-lymphocytes differentiate into? | Mature T cells: T helper cells; T killer cells; T memory cells; T regulator cells |
T regulator cells? | Shut down the immune response after the pathogen is removed. Involved in preventing autoimmunity |
B cell activation? | Activated T helper cells bind to B cells with matching BCR; Interleukins promote activation (clonal selection); Activated B cells divides by mitosis (clonal expansion) |
Cell mediated immunity? | Refers to attacking infected host cells |
What cells are most important in cell mediated immunity? | T killer cells |
Humoral immunity? | important in attacking antigens outside of host cells e.g. bacteria and fungi |
Humoral response? | Produces plasma cells that produce antibodies |