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OCR Biology A - 2.1.1 - Cell Structure Part 4

Biology25 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts related to cell structure, focusing on ribosomes, reproduction, organelles, protein synthesis, and the cytoskeleton.

Ribosomes in prokaryotes

Smaller (70 S)
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Ribosomes in prokaryotes
Smaller (70 S)
Reproduction in eukaryotes
Asexual or sexual
Reproduction in prokaryotes
Binary fission
Cell types in eukaryotes
Unicellular and multicellular
Cell type in prokaryotes
Unicellular
Organelles involved in protein synthesis
Nucleus Ribosomes Rough ER Vesicles Golgi apparatus

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TermDefinition
Ribosomes in prokaryotes
Smaller (70 S)
Reproduction in eukaryotes
Asexual or sexual
Reproduction in prokaryotes
Binary fission
Cell types in eukaryotes
Unicellular and multicellular
Cell type in prokaryotes
Unicellular
Organelles involved in protein synthesis
Nucleus Ribosomes Rough ER Vesicles Golgi apparatus
Organelles indirectly involved with protein synthesis
Nucleus (chromatin, nucleolus (RNA)) | Smooth ER
First stage in protein synthesis
Proteins are synthesised on ribosomes bound to the RER (translation)
Second stage in protein synthesis
Proteins pass into RER cisternae and packaged into transport vesicles
Third stage in protein synthesis
Vesicles move towards Golgi apparatus via transport function of cytoskeleton, they fuse with the cis-face
Fourth stage in protein synthesis
Proteins are structurally modified as they pass through the Golgi cisternae and they leave the Golgi through the trans face
Fifth stage in protein synthesis
If the protein is to leave the cell (secreted), vesicles travel to cell surface membranes fuse with the membrane and the proteins are released
Lysosomes
Specialised forms of vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes Responsible for breaking down water materials in cells Play important role in apoptosis
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Vesicles
Membranous sacs used for storage and transport inside the cells Single membrane with fluid inside
Cytoskeleton
Network of fibres necessary for shape and stability
The components of the cytoskeleton
Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate fibres
Microfilaments
Contractile fibres from actin | Responsible for cell movement and contraction in cytokinesis
Actin
A protein
Cytokinesis
Process in which cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell forms 2 daughter cells
Microtubules
Scaffold-like structure determines shape of cell Tracks for movement for organelles (vesicles) around cell Form spindle fibres
What are microtubules made from
Polymerisation of globular tubulin
Spindle fibres
Have a role in physical segregation of chromosomes
Intermediate fibres
Give cells mechanical strength and help maintain integrity
Roles of cytoskeleton
Holds organelles in place Controls movement of organelles Gives support and mechanical strength Keep cell's shape stable