Back to AI Flashcard MakerBiology /OCR Biology A - 2.1.1 - Cell Structure Part 4
Ribosomes in prokaryotes
Smaller (70 S)
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Ribosomes in prokaryotes
Smaller (70 S)
Reproduction in eukaryotes
Asexual or sexual
Reproduction in prokaryotes
Binary fission
Cell types in eukaryotes
Unicellular and multicellular
Cell type in prokaryotes
Unicellular
Organelles involved in protein synthesis
Nucleus Ribosomes Rough ER Vesicles Golgi apparatus
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Ribosomes in prokaryotes | Smaller (70 S) |
Reproduction in eukaryotes | Asexual or sexual |
Reproduction in prokaryotes | Binary fission |
Cell types in eukaryotes | Unicellular and multicellular |
Cell type in prokaryotes | Unicellular |
Organelles involved in protein synthesis | Nucleus Ribosomes Rough ER Vesicles Golgi apparatus |
Organelles indirectly involved with protein synthesis | Nucleus (chromatin, nucleolus (RNA)) | Smooth ER |
First stage in protein synthesis | Proteins are synthesised on ribosomes bound to the RER (translation) |
Second stage in protein synthesis | Proteins pass into RER cisternae and packaged into transport vesicles |
Third stage in protein synthesis | Vesicles move towards Golgi apparatus via transport function of cytoskeleton, they fuse with the cis-face |
Fourth stage in protein synthesis | Proteins are structurally modified as they pass through the Golgi cisternae and they leave the Golgi through the trans face |
Fifth stage in protein synthesis | If the protein is to leave the cell (secreted), vesicles travel to cell surface membranes fuse with the membrane and the proteins are released |
Lysosomes | Specialised forms of vesicles that contain hydrolytic enzymes Responsible for breaking down water materials in cells Play important role in apoptosis |
Apoptosis | Programmed cell death |
Vesicles | Membranous sacs used for storage and transport inside the cells Single membrane with fluid inside |
Cytoskeleton | Network of fibres necessary for shape and stability |
The components of the cytoskeleton | Microfilaments Microtubules Intermediate fibres |
Microfilaments | Contractile fibres from actin | Responsible for cell movement and contraction in cytokinesis |
Actin | A protein |
Cytokinesis | Process in which cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell forms 2 daughter cells |
Microtubules | Scaffold-like structure determines shape of cell Tracks for movement for organelles (vesicles) around cell Form spindle fibres |
What are microtubules made from | Polymerisation of globular tubulin |
Spindle fibres | Have a role in physical segregation of chromosomes |
Intermediate fibres | Give cells mechanical strength and help maintain integrity |
Roles of cytoskeleton | Holds organelles in place Controls movement of organelles Gives support and mechanical strength Keep cell's shape stable |