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OCR Biology A - 2.1.2 - Biological Molecules Part 4

Biology25 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts about biological molecules, including the chemical elements that make up lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids, as well as the properties and functions of water, and tests for various biological substances.

What are the chemical elements that make up lipids

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What are the chemical elements that make up lipids
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
What are the chemical elements that make up proteins
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur
What are the chemical elements that make up nucleic acids
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous
What type of links are formed in the synthesis of lipids
Ester links are formed by condensation between the alcohol groups on a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids
What happens as a result of water’s polarity
Adjacent water molecules are attracted to and become bonded to each other
How are hydrogen bonds formed
The slight positive charge of a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attached to the slight negative charge of an adjacent oxygen atom

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TermDefinition
What are the chemical elements that make up lipids
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
What are the chemical elements that make up proteins
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Sulfur
What are the chemical elements that make up nucleic acids
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorous
What type of links are formed in the synthesis of lipids
Ester links are formed by condensation between the alcohol groups on a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids
What happens as a result of water’s polarity
Adjacent water molecules are attracted to and become bonded to each other
How are hydrogen bonds formed
The slight positive charge of a hydrogen atom of one molecule is attached to the slight negative charge of an adjacent oxygen atom
Functions of water
Transport Chemical reactions (metabolism) Temperature control - high latent heat of evaporation (stable environment for aquatic org.) Support Efficient transport medium - cohesion and adhesion Reproduction
Transport as a function of water
Transpiration stream and water-based movement of sugars and amino acids, hormones etc. in phloem occurs in solution Many essential metabolites dissolve completely
What is the transpiration stream held together by
Cohesion | Adhesion
Cohesion
Water molecules hydrogen bond to other molecules
Adhesion
Water molecules bind to the side of xylem vessel
Chemical reactions as a function of water
Combination of thermal stability and excellent solvent properties make water and ideal environment for chemical reactions Water acts as a reactant for: 1) . Light dependent stage in photosynthesis 2) . Hydrolytic reactions
Support as a function of water
In plant cells water offers turgidity In animals, water-filled tissues also contribute to skeletal support For aquatic organisms, water provided support through buoyancy
Reproduction as a function of water
Water brings the male and female gametes together in fertilisation Foetus develops in water filled sac
Test for starch
Iodine dissolved in KI turns from brown/orange to blue/black
Test for reducing sugars (all mono, maltose and lactose)
Benedict’s test Add Bendicts reagent Heat solution in water bath > 80 degrees for 5 mins Solution turns from blue to green/ yellow/ orange/ brown or brick-red suspension
Test for proteins
Biurets test Add NaOH Add copper (II) sulphate solution Solution turns from blue to purple if protein's present
Test for lipids
Emulsion test Add water and shake Add ethanol to dissolve lipid A white emulsion/ band floating near or at the top in the presence of lipids
Properties of water influenced by its polar nature
Solvent properties Thermal properties Cohesion tension Specific heat capacity
Types of lipids
Triglycerides Phospholipids Saturated and unsaturated fatty acid
What chemical elements make up lipids
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen
Components of a triglyceride
1 glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acid chains attached by Ester bonds
What are triglycerides known as
True fats or neutral fats
Characteristics of triglycerides
Rich in energy and used to store energy Good insulators and provide buoyancy Can be broken down in aerobic respiration and water is released
Saturated fats
Solid at room temp Only single bonds Have a lot of hydrogen Found in animals Higher melting point