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OCR Biology A - 2.1.2 - Biological Molecules Part 3

Biology25 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This flashcard deck covers key concepts related to biological molecules, focusing on the structure and function of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. It includes definitions, structural details, and processes such as condensation and hydrolysis.

What does amphipathic mean

It has a charged polar portion
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What does amphipathic mean
It has a charged polar portion
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fats bend because they have a double bond
What determines the directionality in carbohydrates
Where the bond comes off
Amylose
Form of starch Found as granules in cells Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond only Compact helical structure Unbranched chains
Amylopectin
Form of starch Found as granules in cells Glucose molecules joined by alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds Branches and cannot fo...
What is the percentage composition of starch
Amylopectin - 70-80% | Amylose - 20-30%

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TermDefinition
What does amphipathic mean
It has a charged polar portion
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fats bend because they have a double bond
What determines the directionality in carbohydrates
Where the bond comes off
Amylose
Form of starch Found as granules in cells Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond only Compact helical structure Unbranched chains
Amylopectin
Form of starch Found as granules in cells Glucose molecules joined by alpha 1-4 glycosidic bonds and alpha 1-6 glycosidic bonds Branches and cannot form a helix
What is the percentage composition of starch
Amylopectin - 70-80% | Amylose - 20-30%
How is starch stored in plants
In plastids
Plastids
Intracellular starch grains in organelles | Made from green chloroplasts and colourless amyloplasts
What does cellulose stop
Cells from bursting
Structure of cellulose
Beta glucose joined by beta 1-4 glycosidic bonds H bonds between chains Can form micro and macofibrils
Microfibrils
Glucose in a rope like form which are then layered in a network
What is special about formation of cellulose
Every other glucose molecule rotates 180 so that the hydroxyl groups are adjacent
What gives cellulose great tensile strength
Hydrogen bonds They are very weak on their own but strong in large numbers
Glycogen compared to starch
Less dense More soluble Broken down more rapidly as ends are exposed Both insoluble
Structure of glycogen
Similar structure to amylopectin but it’s more branched
Why don’t animals store starch
They store glycogen instead
What molecule is produced in the condensation of nucleotides
DNA
What molecule is produced in the hydrolysis of DNA
Nucleotides
What molecule is produced in the condensation of amino acids
Protein
What molecule is produced in the condensation of fructose and glucose
Sucrose
What molecule is produced in the condensation of glycerol and fatty acid
Lipids
What molecule is produced in the hydrolysis of protein
Amino acids
What molecules are produced in the hydrolysis of sucrose
Fructose and glucose
What molecules are produced in the hydrolysis of lipids
Glycerol and fatty acids
What are the chemical elements that make up carbohydrates
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen