Back to AI Flashcard MakerBiology /OCR Biology A - 2.1.6 - Cell Division, Cell Diversity and Cellular Organisation Part 2
OCR Biology A - 2.1.6 - Cell Division, Cell Diversity and Cellular Organisation Part 2
This deck covers key concepts related to cell division, cell diversity, and cellular organisation, focusing on genetic variation, tissue types, and their functions.
Reasons we get many genetically different gametes
Crossing over | Random orientation of homologue pairs
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Reasons we get many genetically different gametes
Crossing over | Random orientation of homologue pairs
How does crossing over ensure genetically different gametes
The points where homologues cross over and exchange genetic material are chosen more or less at random They will be different in each cell and humans ...
How does random orientation of homologue pairs ensure genetically different gametes
The random orientation in metaphase I allows for the production of gametes with many different assortments of homologous chromosomes
Why do we need mitosis
Growth Repair Asexual reproduction
Genetic variation in meiosis
Crossing over genetic material (allele reshuffling) in prophase I Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes in metaphase I Independent assortme...
How does sexual reproduction increase genetic variation
It involves the combining of genetic material from 2 individuals Variation increases species chance of survival due to adaptations
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Reasons we get many genetically different gametes | Crossing over | Random orientation of homologue pairs |
How does crossing over ensure genetically different gametes | The points where homologues cross over and exchange genetic material are chosen more or less at random They will be different in each cell and humans undergo meiosis a lot |
How does random orientation of homologue pairs ensure genetically different gametes | The random orientation in metaphase I allows for the production of gametes with many different assortments of homologous chromosomes |
Why do we need mitosis | Growth Repair Asexual reproduction |
Genetic variation in meiosis | Crossing over genetic material (allele reshuffling) in prophase I Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes in metaphase I Independent assortment of sister chromatids in metaphase II Independent segregation of sister chromatids in anaphase II |
How does sexual reproduction increase genetic variation | It involves the combining of genetic material from 2 individuals Variation increases species chance of survival due to adaptations |
Tissues | A group of specialised cells working together to perform a specific function |
Organs | A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function |
Animal tissues | Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous |
Plant tissues | Epidermal Vascular Meristematic |
Epithelial tissue | This tissue lines free surfaces in the body such as the skin, cavities of the digestive and respiratory system, blood vessels, heart chambers and walls of organs |
Characteristics of epithelial tissue | Made up almost entirely of cells Cells are very close to each other No blood vessels Squamous epithelium is made of specialised squamous Ciliated epithelium is made up of ciliated epithelial cells |
Squamous epithelium | Very flat cells Only one cell thick Form lining of lungs and of blood vessels |
Ciliated epithelium | Cells that have cilia on the surface that move in a rhythmic manner Lines the trachea |
How do epithelium cells receive nutrients | Diffusion from tissue fluid in the underlying connective tissue |
What does connective tissue consist of | A non-living extracellular matrix |
What does a non-living extracellular matrix contain | Proteins e.g. collagen and elastin | Polysaccharides (hyaluronic acid, which traps water) |
What does a non-living extracellular matrix do | Separates the living cells within the tissue | Strengthens it |
Examples of connective tissues | Blood Bone Cartilage Tendons Skin Ligaments |
Where is cartilage found | In the outer ear, nose and at the edge of and in between bones |
What is cartilage composed of | Chondrocyte cells embedded in an extracellular matrix that secrete collagen |
Muscle tissue is well … | … vascularised |
What do muscle cells contain | Special organelles called myofilaments made of actin and myosin, these allow the muscle tissue to contract |
Types of muscle tissue | Skeletal Cardiac Smooth |
Skeletal muscle | Joined to bones by tendons, causing bones to move | Forms multinucleate fibres containing protein filaments that slide pass each other |