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OCR Biology A - 2.1.6 - Cell Division, Cell Diversity and Cellular Organisation Part 2

Biology25 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts related to cell division, cell diversity, and cellular organisation, focusing on genetic variation, tissue types, and their functions.

Reasons we get many genetically different gametes

Crossing over | Random orientation of homologue pairs
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Reasons we get many genetically different gametes
Crossing over | Random orientation of homologue pairs
How does crossing over ensure genetically different gametes
The points where homologues cross over and exchange genetic material are chosen more or less at random They will be different in each cell and humans ...
How does random orientation of homologue pairs ensure genetically different gametes
The random orientation in metaphase I allows for the production of gametes with many different assortments of homologous chromosomes
Why do we need mitosis
Growth Repair Asexual reproduction
Genetic variation in meiosis
Crossing over genetic material (allele reshuffling) in prophase I Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes in metaphase I Independent assortme...
How does sexual reproduction increase genetic variation
It involves the combining of genetic material from 2 individuals Variation increases species chance of survival due to adaptations

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TermDefinition
Reasons we get many genetically different gametes
Crossing over | Random orientation of homologue pairs
How does crossing over ensure genetically different gametes
The points where homologues cross over and exchange genetic material are chosen more or less at random They will be different in each cell and humans undergo meiosis a lot
How does random orientation of homologue pairs ensure genetically different gametes
The random orientation in metaphase I allows for the production of gametes with many different assortments of homologous chromosomes
Why do we need mitosis
Growth Repair Asexual reproduction
Genetic variation in meiosis
Crossing over genetic material (allele reshuffling) in prophase I Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes in metaphase I Independent assortment of sister chromatids in metaphase II Independent segregation of sister chromatids in anaphase II
How does sexual reproduction increase genetic variation
It involves the combining of genetic material from 2 individuals Variation increases species chance of survival due to adaptations
Tissues
A group of specialised cells working together to perform a specific function
Organs
A group of tissues working together to perform a specific function
Animal tissues
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
Plant tissues
Epidermal Vascular Meristematic
Epithelial tissue
This tissue lines free surfaces in the body such as the skin, cavities of the digestive and respiratory system, blood vessels, heart chambers and walls of organs
Characteristics of epithelial tissue
Made up almost entirely of cells Cells are very close to each other No blood vessels Squamous epithelium is made of specialised squamous Ciliated epithelium is made up of ciliated epithelial cells
Squamous epithelium
Very flat cells Only one cell thick Form lining of lungs and of blood vessels
Ciliated epithelium
Cells that have cilia on the surface that move in a rhythmic manner Lines the trachea
How do epithelium cells receive nutrients
Diffusion from tissue fluid in the underlying connective tissue
What does connective tissue consist of
A non-living extracellular matrix
What does a non-living extracellular matrix contain
Proteins e.g. collagen and elastin | Polysaccharides (hyaluronic acid, which traps water)
What does a non-living extracellular matrix do
Separates the living cells within the tissue | Strengthens it
Examples of connective tissues
Blood Bone Cartilage Tendons Skin Ligaments
Where is cartilage found
In the outer ear, nose and at the edge of and in between bones
What is cartilage composed of
Chondrocyte cells embedded in an extracellular matrix that secrete collagen
Muscle tissue is well …
… vascularised
What do muscle cells contain
Special organelles called myofilaments made of actin and myosin, these allow the muscle tissue to contract
Types of muscle tissue
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
Skeletal muscle
Joined to bones by tendons, causing bones to move | Forms multinucleate fibres containing protein filaments that slide pass each other