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OCR Biology A - 3.1.2 - Transport in Animals Part 3

Biology25 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts related to the transport system in animals, focusing on cardiac function, blood composition, and fluid dynamics within the circulatory system.

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Pressure in atria

Low - only needs to push blood to ventricles
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Pressure in atria
Low - only needs to push blood to ventricles
Pressure in right ventricle
Medium - only needs to pump to lungs (nearby). Alveoli could also be damaged by high blood pressure
Pressure in left ventricle
Highest - blood needs to be pumped to the whole body and needs sufficient pressure to overcome the resistance of the systemic circulation
Cardiac muscle structure
Consists of fibres that branch producing cross-bridges that help to spread the stimulus around the heart Lot of mitochondria between myofibrils so sup...
What do cross-bridges ensure
That cardiac muscle can produce a squeezing action rather than a simple reduction in length
What is blood composed of
Erythrocytes Platelets Leukocytes Plasma
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OCR Biology A - 3.1.2 - Transport in Animals Part 3
TermDefinition
Pressure in atria
Low - only needs to push blood to ventricles
Pressure in right ventricle
Medium - only needs to pump to lungs (nearby). Alveoli could also be damaged by high blood pressure
Pressure in left ventricle
Highest - blood needs to be pumped to the whole body and needs sufficient pressure to overcome the resistance of the systemic circulation
Cardiac muscle structure
Consists of fibres that branch producing cross-bridges that help to spread the stimulus around the heart Lot of mitochondria between myofibrils so supply energy for contraction
What do cross-bridges ensure
That cardiac muscle can produce a squeezing action rather than a simple reduction in length
What is blood composed of
Erythrocytes Platelets Leukocytes Plasma
Plasma
Composed of dissolved substances: Oxygen Carbon dioxide Glucose Minerals Amino acids Hormones Antibodies Plasma proteins (albumin)
Tissue fluid
Fluid that surrounds all cells and tissues. Between tissue fluid and cells that exchange of substances occurs
What does tissue fluid contain
Plasma and dissolved substances Neutrophils Few proteins
Why doesn’t tissue fluid have the same things in it as blood
Capillaries have small pores and not everything can fit through due to the size, therefore tissue fluid has less components than blood
Hydrostatic pressure
This is the pressure that a fluid exerts when pushing against the sides of a vessel.
When is hydrostatic pressure highest
The more fluid and the faster it is travelling will lead to a higher hydrostatic pressure
Oncotic pressure
Pressure that solutes (e.g. plasma proteins) have when they draw water in by osmosis
Why does oncotic pressure draw fluid from the tissue fluid into the capillaries
The capillaries contain large solutes
Formation of tissue fluid
Hydrostatic pressure (caused by the heart) is high at the arteriole end Greater than oncotic pressure Leaky capillary wall allows plasma and some dissolved substances in but not RBC’s, proteins and some WBC’s (too large) Tissue fluid surrounds body cells so exchange of gases and nutrients can occur across the plasma membrane (diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport)
Why does tissue fluid return to the blood
Hydrostatic pressure lower at venous end and oncotic pressure is higher due to plasma proteins Fluid returns to capillary at venous end
Role of lymph
Drains excess tissue fluid out of the tissues. Lymph system rejoins blood circulation in the subclavian vein in the chest so this fluid is eventually all returned to the blood
Lymph nodes
Swellings found at intervals along the lymphatic system which have an important part to play in the immune response
Cells found in lymph
Lymphocytes
Hydrostatic pressure in blood plasma
High
Hydrostatic pressure in tissue fluid and lymph
Low
Oncotic pressure in blood plasma
More negative
Oncotic pressure in tissue fluid and lymph
Less negative
Cardiac cycle
Atrial systole —> ventricular systole —> diastole
Diastole
Muscular walls of all chambers are relaxed. Elastic recoil causes chambers to increase in volume (lower pressure) So blood flows into atria then ventricles (gravity)