Back to AI Flashcard MakerBiology /OCR Biology A - 3.1.2 - Transport in Animals Part 5
What does the QRS complex show
Ventricular stimulation
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What does the QRS complex show
Ventricular stimulation
What does T waves show
Diastole
Tachycardia
High heart rate
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate
Atrial fibrillation
No clear P waves | Atria beating more frequently than ventricles
Ectopic heart beat
Extra ventricular systole | Patient feels as if a heart beat has been missed
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What does the QRS complex show | Ventricular stimulation |
What does T waves show | Diastole |
Tachycardia | High heart rate |
Bradycardia | Slow heart rate |
Atrial fibrillation | No clear P waves | Atria beating more frequently than ventricles |
Ectopic heart beat | Extra ventricular systole | Patient feels as if a heart beat has been missed |
The haem group has a high affinity for … | Oxygen |
Partial pressure | Relative pressure a gas contributes to a mixture of gases |
Transport of oxygen | Hb has a high affinity for O2 and binds reversibly with oxygen to give oxyhaemoglobin Dissociates when the pO2 is low e.g. respiring tissues |
When does haemoglobin dissociate with oxygen | When the partial pressure of oxygen is low. Oxygen then dissolves in plasma and moves out of the capillaries as tissue fluid RBC’s cannot leave capillaries |
Why is there low saturation of haemoglobin at low oxygen tensions | When haemoglobin isn’t bound to O2 haem groups in centre of molecules More difficult for the O2 molecule to reach the haem group |
What happens when O2 tension rises | Diffusion gradient in haemoglobin increases Eventually O2 molecule enters and associates with haem group Causes conformational change, allowing haemoglobin to associate with three more O2 molecules easier (positive cooperativity) Curve levels off as haemoglobin reaches 100% saturation |
Why does fetal haemoglobin have a higher affinity than adult haemoglobin | It must be able to associate with O2 in an environment where the oxygen tension is low enough to make adult haemoglobin release O2 |
What happens when O2 tension in placenta is low | Fetal haemoglobin binds to oxygen from surrounding fluid Refuces O2 tension in placenta, more O2 diffuses from the mothers blood fluid into the placenta Reduces O2 within mother’s blood, making maternal haemoglobin dissociate |
How does artery wall adapted to maintain pressure | Smooth muscle constricts to narrow lumen | Recoil pushes blood and maintains small lumen |
How is CO2 transported around the body | 5% - dissolved in plasma 10% - combines with haemoglobin (carbominohaemoglobin) 85% - transported in hydrogencarbonate ions |
Formation of hydrogen carbonate ions | CO2 and H2O (carbonic anhydrase) —> carbonic acid |
What happens to HCO3- after they diffuse out of RBCs and dissolves to be carried into lungs | Chloride shift to maintain neutral charge |
Haemoglobinic acid | Formed when further H+ are taken out of solution by associating with haemoglobin |
What happens when pH drops in the RBC | Haemoglobin molecules change shape slightly and dissociate more readily from O2 |