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OCR Biology A - 3.1.2 - Transport in Animals Part 5

Biology20 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts related to the transport system in animals, focusing on the cardiovascular system, gas transport, and blood chemistry.

What does the QRS complex show

Ventricular stimulation
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What does the QRS complex show
Ventricular stimulation
What does T waves show
Diastole
Tachycardia
High heart rate
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate
Atrial fibrillation
No clear P waves | Atria beating more frequently than ventricles
Ectopic heart beat
Extra ventricular systole | Patient feels as if a heart beat has been missed

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TermDefinition
What does the QRS complex show
Ventricular stimulation
What does T waves show
Diastole
Tachycardia
High heart rate
Bradycardia
Slow heart rate
Atrial fibrillation
No clear P waves | Atria beating more frequently than ventricles
Ectopic heart beat
Extra ventricular systole | Patient feels as if a heart beat has been missed
The haem group has a high affinity for …
Oxygen
Partial pressure
Relative pressure a gas contributes to a mixture of gases
Transport of oxygen
Hb has a high affinity for O2 and binds reversibly with oxygen to give oxyhaemoglobin Dissociates when the pO2 is low e.g. respiring tissues
When does haemoglobin dissociate with oxygen
When the partial pressure of oxygen is low. Oxygen then dissolves in plasma and moves out of the capillaries as tissue fluid RBC’s cannot leave capillaries
Why is there low saturation of haemoglobin at low oxygen tensions
When haemoglobin isn’t bound to O2 haem groups in centre of molecules More difficult for the O2 molecule to reach the haem group
What happens when O2 tension rises
Diffusion gradient in haemoglobin increases Eventually O2 molecule enters and associates with haem group Causes conformational change, allowing haemoglobin to associate with three more O2 molecules easier (positive cooperativity) Curve levels off as haemoglobin reaches 100% saturation
Why does fetal haemoglobin have a higher affinity than adult haemoglobin
It must be able to associate with O2 in an environment where the oxygen tension is low enough to make adult haemoglobin release O2
What happens when O2 tension in placenta is low
Fetal haemoglobin binds to oxygen from surrounding fluid Refuces O2 tension in placenta, more O2 diffuses from the mothers blood fluid into the placenta Reduces O2 within mother’s blood, making maternal haemoglobin dissociate
How does artery wall adapted to maintain pressure
Smooth muscle constricts to narrow lumen | Recoil pushes blood and maintains small lumen
How is CO2 transported around the body
5% - dissolved in plasma 10% - combines with haemoglobin (carbominohaemoglobin) 85% - transported in hydrogencarbonate ions
Formation of hydrogen carbonate ions
CO2 and H2O (carbonic anhydrase) —> carbonic acid
What happens to HCO3- after they diffuse out of RBCs and dissolves to be carried into lungs
Chloride shift to maintain neutral charge
Haemoglobinic acid
Formed when further H+ are taken out of solution by associating with haemoglobin
What happens when pH drops in the RBC
Haemoglobin molecules change shape slightly and dissociate more readily from O2