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OCR Biology A - 4.1.1 - Communicable Disease, Disease Prevention and the Immune System Part 2

Biology25 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This flashcard deck covers key concepts from OCR Biology A, focusing on communicable diseases, disease prevention, and the immune system. It includes definitions, processes, and examples of plant and human defenses against pathogens.

Cause of malaria

Plasmodium parasite | It enters the human host via a bite from a female Anopheles mosquito
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Cause of malaria
Plasmodium parasite | It enters the human host via a bite from a female Anopheles mosquito
Social factors affect direct transmission
Overcrowding Poor ventilation Poor sanitation Poor health - likely to contract other diseases Poor diet (malnutrition) Lack of education
Why is there a greater variety of diseases to be found in warmer climates
Many protoctists, bacteria and fungi can grow and reproduce more rapidly in warm and moist conditions
Why are plants targets for microorganisms
Manufacture sugars in photosynthesis and convert this into wide variety of compounds such as proteins and oils - rich source of nutrients for microorg...
Passive defences
Prevent entry
Active defences
Induced when pathogen is detected

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TermDefinition
Cause of malaria
Plasmodium parasite | It enters the human host via a bite from a female Anopheles mosquito
Social factors affect direct transmission
Overcrowding Poor ventilation Poor sanitation Poor health - likely to contract other diseases Poor diet (malnutrition) Lack of education
Why is there a greater variety of diseases to be found in warmer climates
Many protoctists, bacteria and fungi can grow and reproduce more rapidly in warm and moist conditions
Why are plants targets for microorganisms
Manufacture sugars in photosynthesis and convert this into wide variety of compounds such as proteins and oils - rich source of nutrients for microorganisms
Passive defences
Prevent entry
Active defences
Induced when pathogen is detected
Plant passive defences
Cell wall Waxy cuticle Bark Stomatal closure Chemicals with anti pathogenic properties
Plant active defences
Production of callose Strengthen cell walls with additional cellulose and lignin Tylose formation Wide range of chemicals produced Necrosis
Callose as an active defence
Blocks plasmodesmata and sieve plates in the phloem, sealing off the infected part
Tylose
Ballon like swelling that fills the xylem vessel. When a tylose is fully formed it blocks the vessel
Necrosis as an active defence
Deliberate cell suicide | By killing cells surrounding the infections, pathogens access to water and nutrients is limited
Chemicals produced as a part of plants active defences
Terpenoids Phenols Alkaloids Defensins Hydrolysis enzymes
Terpenoids
Essential oils with anti-fungal and antibacterial properties
Phenols
Have antibiotic and anti-fungal properties | Tannins bind to salivary proteins and digestive enzymes, deactivating them
Alkaloids
Nitrogen-containing compounds that have a bitter taste to inhibit herbivores feeding Inhibit protein synthesis Also inhibit or activate enzyme action
Defensins
Small cysteine-rich proteins with anti-microbial properties Act upon molecules in plasma membrane of pathogens
Hydrolytic enzymes
Found in spaces between cells | Include chitinases, glucanases and lysozymes
Glucanases
Hydrolyse glycosidic bonds in glucans
Primary Defences
Defences that prevent pathogens from entering the body
Non-specific defences
Prevent the entry of all pathogens
Primary non-specific responses
Blood clotting; vessels/skin receptor Expulsive reflexes Stomach acid Tears (enzymes break down e.g. bacterial cell wall) Wax in ears Mucous membranes Skin Inflammatory response
Main primary response
Skin
Cells in epidermis
Keratinocytes
How are keratinocytes produced
Cells produced at base by mitosis | Cells migrate to the top and keratinisation takes place
Keratinisation
Cytoplasm dries out and is replaced by keratin | Keratinised layer forms an effective barrier to pathogens