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OCR Biology A - 4.2.1 - Biodiversity Part 1

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This deck covers key concepts related to biodiversity, including types of biodiversity, sampling methods, and reasons for maintaining biodiversity.

Biodiversity

Measure of how varied life on earth is
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Biodiversity
Measure of how varied life on earth is
3 types of biodiversity
Habitat Species Genetic
Genetic diversity
Measure of how many variations that are in the genetic code between individuals in spp. or diff spp
Species diversity
Measure of how many diff species are present
Species
Share common physiological, anatomical and behavioural characteristics Can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
Hybrid
Produced by diff species but are infertile

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TermDefinition
Biodiversity
Measure of how varied life on earth is
3 types of biodiversity
Habitat Species Genetic
Genetic diversity
Measure of how many variations that are in the genetic code between individuals in spp. or diff spp
Species diversity
Measure of how many diff species are present
Species
Share common physiological, anatomical and behavioural characteristics Can interbreed to produce fertile offspring
Hybrid
Produced by diff species but are infertile
Community
Several populations of diff spp living in a habitat at a certain time
Habitat
Place where organisms live at a certain time
Population
The amount of spp living in a habitat at a certain time
Endemism
Group of organisms unique to one particular habitat (geographically discrete)
Things to consider when sampling
Size of samples No. of samples Sampling technique used Ways to not disturb the habitat
Random sampling
Uses a calculator to generate random numbers which can be used as coordinates on an imaginary grid
Opportunistic sampling
Involves using prior knowledge to select sample sites or changing the sampling strategy on site
Stratified sampling
Involves carrying out samples in each recognisable sub-habitat
Systematic sampling
Involves carrying out sampling at fixed intervals in each distance
Methods of using quadrats
Point sampling - counting species touching quadrat Grid sampling - estimating how many smaller squares are occupied by each species
Methods to sample animals
Longworth trap (mark, release, recapture) Observation Pitfall trap Tullgreen funnel (invertebrates living in leaf litter) Sweep net and kick sampling Pooters Tree beating
Measures of species diversity
Species richness Species evenness
Species richness
No. of diff types of species in a particular area. The greater the number of spp, the ‘richer’ the area
Species evenness
How evenly each species is represented throughout a habitat
What does a high Simpson’s index indicate
Habitat with high diversity High species evenness and richness May survive disruption (introduction of new disease or competition) Should be conserved
When is genetic diversity increased
When there is more than one gene variant (allele) for a particular locus
Factors affecting biodiversity
Human population growth Increasing use of agriculture (monoculture) Climate change
Reasons for maintaining biodiversity
Ecological Economic Aesthetic
Ecological reasons for maintaining biodiversity
Regulation of O2 and CO2 in the atmosphere Soil formation and retention Protecting keystone species Maintaining genetic resource
Economic reasons for maintaining biodiversity
Pollination of crops depends on bees Unknown species may be effective medicines Growth of food and timber relies on correct functioning of ecosystem To avoid soil depletion (continuous monoculture) Natural predators to pests reduce the need for pesticides