Respiration
Process by which energy stored in complex organic molecules is released and immediately transferred to ATP
Energy is released through hydrolysis (making new bonds)
Key Terms
Respiration
Process by which energy stored in complex organic molecules is released and immediately transferred to ATP
Energy is released through hydroly...
Why do animals need energy
Active transport
Endo/exocytosis
Synthesis of protein
DNA replication
Cell division
Movement
Activation of a ch...
Catabolic
Releasing energy
Anabolic
Energy consuming
ATP
Intermediary between catabolic and anabolic reactions
Relatively stable, only broken down by hydrolysis by enzyme catalysis (energy released ...
Hydrolysis of ATP
Catalysed by ATPase
ATP is hydrolysed to produce ADP then again to produce AMP
ATP –> ADP (-30.5), ADP –> AMP (-30.5), AMP —> ...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Respiration | Process by which energy stored in complex organic molecules is released and immediately transferred to ATP Energy is released through hydrolysis (making new bonds) |
Why do animals need energy | Active transport Endo/exocytosis Synthesis of protein DNA replication Cell division Movement Activation of a chemical (phosphorylation) |
Catabolic | Releasing energy |
Anabolic | Energy consuming |
ATP | Intermediary between catabolic and anabolic reactions Relatively stable, only broken down by hydrolysis by enzyme catalysis (energy released can be controlled) Easily moved around a cell when in solution |
Hydrolysis of ATP | Catalysed by ATPase ATP is hydrolysed to produce ADP then again to produce AMP ATP –> ADP (-30.5), ADP –> AMP (-30.5), AMP —> A (-13.8) |
Structure of ATP | Ribose attached to adenine (phosphodiester bond) 3 inorganic phosphate groups Phosphorylated nucleotide |
Processes in aerobic respiration | Glycolysis Link reaction Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation |
Glycolysis | Occurs in cytoplasm Phosphorylation —> hexose biphosphate (2 phosphate groups from 2 ATP) Hexose biphosphate splits into two Oxidation (removal of H atoms) - accepted by NAD to make NADH Breaks down glucose into pyruvate (3C), 2 NADH and 2 ATP |
Where does glycolysis occurs | Cytoplasm |
Why are ATP used in the first stage of glycolysis | Provide activation energy |
Where does oxidative phosphorylation occur | Cristae |
Role of ATP in the cell | Universal currency of energy Phosphates can be removed by hydrolysis to release 30 kJ/mol energy Energy used in metabolic reactions Energy released in small quantities to prevent cell damage |
Where does the Kreb’s cycle occur | Matrix of mitochondria |
Coenzymes in leaf | NAD and FAD can be reduced to NADH and FADH2 and act as hydrogen carriers NADPH reduces molecules by adding e- ATP phosphorylates Coenzyme A carries acetate to Kreb’s cycle |
Link reaction | Pyruvate is decarboxylated to acetate (+ CO2) Combines w/ CoA to make acetyl coenzyme A Happens twice for glycolysis Produces 2 NADH |
Kreb’s cycle | CoA is recycled back to link reaction Acetate combines with oxaloacetate to make citrate Decarboxylated 2x to give orig. 4C compound, oxaloacetate Produces 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 , 2 ATP and 4 CO2 (substrate level phosphorylation) |
Which cofactor is part of the ETC | Fe^2+ |
What’s found in the matrix | Enzymes NAD FAD Oxaloacetate Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondrial ribosomes |
Mitochondrial DNA | Codes for mitochondrial enzymes and other proteins |
Mitochondrial ribosomes | Where proteins are assembled |
Where can fatty acids be used in respiration | Fatty acids can produce acetate and enter the Kreb’s cycle directly |
Where can glycerol be used in respiration | Can be converted to pyruvate and enter the link reaction |
Where does the link reaction occur | Matrix of mitochondrion |