Solution Manual for Fluency With Information Technology, 7th Edition

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 1:Defining Information TechnologyQuestionsMultiple Choice1.In order for something to beconsidered a computer it must have akeyboard attached.a.trueb.falsec.only certain computers2.What was used to make analyzingresults faster for the 1890 census?a.integrated circuitsb.processorsc.punch cards and punch cardreadersd.ENIAC3.When using Google,Bing,Yahoo! orDuckDuckGo,what keyword can beused to provide you with a definition ofa certain term?a.look-upb.definec.dictionaryd.definition4.What word is interchangeable withcomputer?a.processorb.desktopc.personald.integrated circuit5.What educational background isrequired to write algorithms?a.BS in Computer Science orComputer Engineeringb.MS in Computer Science orComputer Engineeringc.a high school diplomad.no educational background isrequired6.An agent could be aa.computerb.humanc.programd.all of the aboveAnswersMultiple Choice1.b2.c3.b4.a5.d6.d

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 1:Defining Information TechnologyShort Answer1._______ was the name of the firstelectronic computer and it was locatedin _______.2.The instructions written in softwareare followed or executed by _______.3._______ made computers moreaffordable and allowed them to havemore complex CPUs.4._______, _______, and _______were three technologies thatincreased ones’ desire to own apersonal computer.5.Complexity is _______ tomanufacture, though it remains_______ to design.6.Software is a collective term for_______.7.Abstracting requires that you toseparate information into twocategories: _______ and _______.8.A program acts on _____ and resultsin _____.Exercises1.How many computers do you have?List them.2.Explain in detail why the phrase“software program” is redundant.3.What is the difference between hardand soft instructions?4.Similar to video production, which isnow accessible to manynonprofessionals, nametwootherthings that over time have been mademore accessible due to computersoftware.5.Explain why it is important to use theright words when describing yourproblem to tech support.6.Explain in detail the differencebetween booting and rebooting.7.Write an algorithm that providessomeone with clear directions on howto make your favorite snack.Short Answer1.ENIAC, Philadelphia2.hardware3.Transistors4.email, games, word processing5.cheap, expensive6.programs7.relevant, irrelevant8.inputs, outputsExercises1.Many possible answers. Should listitems like cell phones, game consoles,etc.2.Software is synonymous withprograms. No software exists that isnot a program or collection ofprograms.3.Hard instructions are executed by thehardware, whereas the CPU runs softinstructions.4.Many possible answers. Could includehigh fidelity audio reproduction,academic research, real-time longdistance communication5.The tech support staff knows the rightterms, and they will explain thesolution using the right terms, so youneed to know them to communicate6.Booting is turning a computer on,whereas rebooting is restarting acomputer that was already on.

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 1:Defining Information Technology7.Many possible answers.

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 2: Exploring the Human-Computer InterfaceQuestionsMultiple Choice1.What is aUI?a.update identificationb.user identificationc.user interfaced.update interface2.Which of the following is not acommon computer metaphora.buttonsb.door handlesc.menusd.sliders3.Which of the following is not aninstance?a.imageb.song filec.word processing documentd.menu4.Computers doa.exactly what you tell them todob.only what other computers tellthem to doc.instructions at randomd.everything5.A good way to learn how to use a newapplication or piece of software is toa.read the entire manualb.skim through the manualc.call tech supportd.click around6.Each time you paste, what is made ofthat saved version?a.fileb.copyc.typed.replace7.What key sequence does ^C indicateto the user?a.Ctrl+C or Command+Cb.cc.Cd.Caps Lock + C8.When computers went mobile, thisAnswersMultiple Choice1.c2.b3.d4.a5.d6.b7.a8.d9.b

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 2: Exploring the Human-Computer Interfacepopular device was now a problem.a.printerb.keyboardc.power cordd.mouse9.What company introduced themouse?a.Microsoftb.Applec.IBMd.XeroxShort Answer1.Digital is better than analog encodingof information because with digital it ispossible to have a(n) _______.2.Software designers help usersunderstand their software through theuse of _______.3.Open,New,Close, andSavecanusually be found in the _______menu.4.Perfect reproduction is a property of_______information.5.In an application with menus,Undo,Cut,Copy, andPastecan usually befound in the _______ menu.6._______, _______, and _______ arethe three steps of the placeholdertechnique.7._______ and _______ are importantto keep in mind when using aplaceholder.8._______ is any indication that thecomputer is still processing a task orhas already completed it.9.Overlapping windows were first usedin the user interface of the _______.10.Usually applications from the samevendor are _______.Exercises1.Explain the desktop metaphor.2.Discuss the advantages of aShort Answer1.perfect reproduction2.metaphors3.File4.digital5.Edit6.Hide, edit, restore7.easy to type, not used anywhere else8.feedback9.Xerox Alto10.consistentExercises1.The desktop metaphor became theway most people thought of using acomputer. The computer became a

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 2: Exploring the Human-Computer Interfaceconsistent interface from both theconsumer’s and developer’s point ofview.3.What is the purpose of computersdisplaying progress bars when itemsare loading?4.Create a new document with thefollowing text: “*****”. Then find “**”and replace with “*”. How many timesdid it find and replace? Explain indetail how the process worked.5.Explain why feedback is important forthe user.6.State the perfect reproductionproperty of digital information andexplain its power.7.Explain why both copy and paste areconsidered copying information?8.Angel decided to use the placeholder“the” to stand for TheodoreHertzsprung Englebert. Why was thisa bad placeholder for Angel to use?Explain your answer in detail.9.Explain the touch metaphor in detail,and explain what changed aboutcomputing.10.Explain why the touch metaphor hasnot replaced the desktop metaphor.11.Why is it useful to “blaze away” whenusing a new piece of software?virtual desktop on which one couldstore, view, and edit documents. Mostpeople were familiar with desks butfewer understood command lineprograms, so the metaphor made thebasic operations a computer could dosimpler for people to understand anduse.2.Predictability helps both the user touse the program and the developer tobuild and maintain it. A program thatdid different things at different timesfor unclear or no reasons is virtuallyuseless and impossible to fix orimprove.3.Inform the user that the computer isstill working, and giving an estimate ofhow much work remains.4.Two times: it found the first pair, andthen the second, didn’t match the finalstar, and then performed thereplacement on both matches.5.The user needs to know whether thething he asked a computer to do wasunderstood, whether it has completed,and whether it was successful.Otherwise, he will not know whether itis safe or worthwhile to proceed. Aclassic example is a progress barwhile waiting for a page to load: userswill quickly become impatient andupset if they don’t know whether themachine is working or if it has stalled.Theprogress bar is a simple way toreassure them.6.With digital media, all copies areidentical since they are composed ofdiscrete parts (usually bits). It ispossible to quickly detect and correctany flaw in the reproduction. This ispowerful because it means digitalinformation may be disseminatedbroadly and easily.7.‘Copy’ makes a duplicate entry of theselection in memory; ‘paste’duplicates the contents of the memoryto the selection. Both are copies ofdigital information.

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 2: Exploring the Human-Computer Interface8.The temptation to replace the phrasewith the faster-to-type acronym fornow and use find and replace toexpand it later is high. But ‘the’ is acommon word in English, so therewould be many false positives thatwould be replaced, wasting muchmore time in later editing than wassaved by using the placeholder in thefirst place.9.The touch metaphor refers to anillusion that the user is touching thecontent of the display; the change wasrequired because it is inconvenient formobile devices to use a pointingdevice like a mouse.10.Desktop metaphor still hasadvantages in certain situations.11.Blazing away is a way to experimentwith the software and discover what itdoes and how to use it.

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 3:The Basics of NetworkingQuestionsMultiple Choice1.Saving information for possible reuse is calleda.cachingb.hoppingc.DNS lookupd.serving2.If the Internet consisted of four computers, there wouldbe six possible connections. If it consisted of fivecomputers, there would be ten possible connections.How many connections are possible with tencomputers?a.10b.30c.45d.infinite3.What is the potential number of IPv4 addressesavailable?a.65,536b.16,777,216c.4,294,967,296d.infinite4.Root name serversa.maintain a list of all computer usersb.manage all emails sentc.maintain the relationship between IP addressesand symbolic computer namesd.maintain a list of all Web pages5.This type of communication results in the sending andreceiving of information to occur at different timesa.synchronousb.asynchronousc.slowd.DNS6.The Internet is fast enough to mimic ________communication.a.synchronousb.asynchronousc.fastd.LAN7.The Internet and the World Wide Web are differentnames for the same thinga.trueb.it dependsc.The Internet is what we used to call the WorldWide Webd.falseAnswersMultiple Choice1.a2.c3.c4.c5.b6.a7.d8.d

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 3:The Basics of Networking8.What can folders contain?a.filesb.foldersc.neither files nor foldersd.both files and foldersShort Answer1.All IP addresses of authoritativename servers for TLDsare maintained and managed by 13 ________ servers.2.A communication that goes out to many people within aspecific target audience is called a(n) ________.3.A hierarchy of related computers on a network is calleda(n) _________.4.Computers on an Ethernet network “tap” into a cablecalled a(n) _________.5._________ is the main technology for local areanetworks.6.Local networks that support communications whollywithin an organization are called _________.7.Special computers that send files to web browserselsewhere on the Internet are known as _________.8.In a web address, http:// is the _________.9.Files are often sent over the Internet via a processknown by the acronym _________.10.The source file for a web page contains the _________of the page, not the actual image of the page.11.In the client/server structure, the customer’s computer isthe _________ and the business’ computer is the_________.12.When we get files from a server we are _________them. When we put files on a server we are _________them.13.Instead of typing in the IP address, we use symbolicnames, which are also called ________.14.In URLs, _________ are not case sensitive, but_________ may be case sensitive.15.When moving inside of a directory hierarchy, moving upis the same as moving _________, and moving down isthe same as moving _________.Exercises1.Label the following with either an S to indicatesynchronous communication or an A to indicateasynchronous communicationa._________ movieShort Answer1.root name2.multicast3.domain4.channel5.Ethernet6.intranets7.web servers8.protocol9.FTP10.description11.client; server12.downloading; uploading13.domain names14.domain names, pathnames15.higher, lower

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 3:The Basics of Networkingb._________ chat sessionc._________ emaild._________ video conferencee._________ Web pagef._________ bookg._________ concerth._________ text messagingi._________ Web boardj._________ blog2.If you havepreviously visited a web page, the DNSserver usually knows the translation because it hasprocessed and saved it. Explain what happens if it doesnot know the translation.3.Go tohttp://internettrafficreport.com/namerica.htmandcheck out the Internet traffic for North America. Howdoes the time of the day affect the traffic? Howdoesthetime of the day affect overseas Internet traffic?4.What is the file name of the web address above? Now,try the web address above without the file name. Whatdo you get? Explain.5.In this chapter, the author wrote: “The Internet is truly auniversal communications medium.” What is meant bythis? Explain your answer in detail.6.What industries have prospered and which ones mighthave suffered because of the growth of the Internet?Why?7.Are there more client computer or more servercomputers on the Internet? Explain.8.Explain how it is possible for the server to handle manyclients at a time.9.Identify each part of the following URL:http://airandspace.si.edu/exhibitions/gal100/pioneer.htmla.protocol ________b.domain ________c.top-level domain ________d.pathname ________e.web page ________10.State what the following acronyms stand for, and brieflyexplain each.a.TCP/IPb.LANc.WANd.DSLe.WWWf.URLg.HTMLh.ISP11.Explain in detail howtelephone companies are nowExercises1.A,S,A,S,A,A,S,S,A,A2.It then asks the authoritative nameserver; which keeps the complete listof the IP addresses withcorresponding domain names3.Many possible answers4.namerica.htm; the traffic reportnavigation page.Without thefilename, students should get thehome page (and even though itdoesn't show in the URL, the page islikely to be named index.html orsimilar).5.Many forms of communication.Students will provide varying details.6.Many possible answers, includingsoftware companies that benefitted,and newspapers that were harmed.7.Client computers.One server canserve many clients. Students willprovide varying details.8.Theclient/server connection is brief,so a server can move quickly fromone to another.9.http://; airandspace.si.edu;.edu,/exhibitions/gal100/pioneer.html;pioneer.html10.TCP/IP: Transmission ControlProtocol/Internet Protocol; LAN:Local Area Network; WAN: WideArea Network; DSL: DigitalSubscriber Line; WWW: World WideWeb; URL: Uniform ResourceLocator; HTML: Hypertext MarkupLanguage; ISP: Internet ServiceProvider11.They are sending conversations overthe Internet by digitizing speech andputting it into IP packets at thespeaker’s end to send over theInternet and then unpacked at thelisteners end and converted to the

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 3:The Basics of Networkingusing the Internet.12.What motivated engineers to make TCP/IP packetsmore independent?13.Why do webmasters sometimes register misspellings oftheir domains?analog form acceptable to a phone12.Network reliability (broken links) andcongestion (busy links).13.So when users type the incorrectdomain, they will be redirected to thecorrect one

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 4:A Hypertext Markup Language PrimerQuestionsMultiple Choice1.HTMLtags must bea.uppercaseb.lowercasec.case does not matterd.either all uppercase or all lowercase2.Space inserted to make a document more readableis calleda.special spaceb.white spacec.CSS spaced.HTML space3.The tags indicate the beginning and endof aa.packageb.picturec.paragraphd.preformated text section4.The attribute specifying a blue background isa.bgcolor=#000000b.background=”blue”c.style=”background-color:blue”d.bgcolor=blue5.The ../ notation in a relative path of hypertextreference means toa.go down a folderb.open the parent folderc.search a folderd.create a folder6.To place an image on the right side of the windowwith the text filling the area to the left of the image,the tag would need to look likea.<img src = “mountains.jpg” style=”float:right”/>b.<img src align = “mountains.jpg” “right” />c.<img = “mountains.jpg” src slign = “right” />d.<img = “mountains.jpg” align src =“float:right” />7.The dimensions for an image on a web pagea.are set using the x and y attributesb.are set using the width and height attributesc.must be set to the actual size of the imaged.are automatically adjusted by the browser tofit in the space allottedAnswersMultiple Choice1.c2.b3.c4.c5.b6.a7.b8.d9.c10.b

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 4:A Hypertext Markup Language Primer8.Betsy created some nested tags as displayedbelow: Rock On!. Did shenest the tags appropriatley?a.No, italic tags must always come beforebold tagsb.No, paragraph tags need to be right beforethe actual text.c.The first part is right, but the second partshould be d.Yes, those tags are nested correctly.9.What tags are required for an HTML page?a.html, headb.html, head, body, footc.html, head, bodyd.no tags are required10.If you want to display an image without any textaround it you should nest it inside of which tag(s)?a.b.c.<pa>d.<img>Short Answer1.The ________ tag is a way to get more than oneconsecutive space in a line of a web page.2.________ tags are tags between other tags.3.Specificationsinside a tag are called ________.4.The src in an image tag stands for ________.5.To put the ten greatest inventions of all time, inorder, on a web page, you should use a(n)________.6.________ is the main language that defines how aweb page should look.7.________ is the tag for the heading that is thelargest and thedarkest.8.HTML ________ whitespace.9.________ separates the content from the border.Short Answer1.<pre>2.nested3.attributes4.source5.ordered list<ol>6.CSS7.<h1>8.ignores9.padding

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 4:A Hypertext Markup Language PrimerExercises1.Explain why you should learn HTML if authoringtools will do the work for you.Give other examplesof where you are expected to learn somethingwhen there are tools available that will do the work.2.How can you check if your HTML and CSS filesdisplay correctly? How often should you check?Why?3.Indicate the hyperlink reference and the anchor textin this anchor tag. Then break down the hyperlinkreference into the protocol, domain, path, and filename.<a href="http://www.nasm.si.edu/museum/">National Air and Space Museum</a>4.Explain in detail what problems Cascading StyleSheets (CSS) solve?5.What does “the closest specification wins” mean?Give a detailed example in your answer6.Create a calendar for the current month using atable. Put the name of the month in a caption at thetop. Change the color of the text for Sunday andholidays. Make note of any special days during themonth. Add an appropriate graphic to one of theblank cells at the end of the calendar.7.Why is it a bad idea to write an entire HTMLdocument before loading it in a web browser?8.View and then print the source for the author’shomepage. It’s athomes.cs.washington.edu/~snyder/index.html.What is the title of the page? Indicate the headingand the body for the page. Find the table. Find thelist. Find the email addresses, and say how theyare displayed so they are not found by a crawler.Find the absolute hyperlinks and the relativehyperlinks. How many graphics are on this page?9.Createa link tag to your school’s website. Alsocreate a style section for the link tag. The linkshould be yellow at the beginning, green after it hasbeen clicked on, and blue when someone ishovering over it.10.Open a new file in your text editor. Create your ownweb page that has the following:a.A title that is your name.b.At least three paragraphs, two of themdisplayed in different colors (find the colorsatwww.w3schools.com/colors/colors_names.asp).Exercises1.To learn how it is structuredfor easy editing, for conceptunderstanding. Manyexamples possible.Althoughthere are calculators, youshould earn basic arithmetic,for example.2.By loading the page in abrowser; very often (everyfew new lines of code youwrite); it is easier to find bugsand mistakes as you go. Ifyou wait till the end to loadthe page you will have to huntdown many mistakes.3.Hyperlink reference:http://www.nasm.si.edu/museum/;anchor text: National Airand Space Museum;protocol:http:// domain:www.nasm.si.edu;path:/museum/; no file name given(likely index.html)4.No longer have to retypestyleinformation,reusable,caneasily change theCSSfor awhole new design to awebpage without changing thecontent5.The style information closestto the text will be used;thestyle of a page overrides thestyle of an external file.6.Many possible answers7.Large blocks of untestedcoding usually contain manyerrors that are hard to find.8.Many possible answers.9.Many possible answers.10.Many possible answers.11.Many possible answers.

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 4:A Hypertext Markup Language Primerc.A link to a website you like.d.At least three levels of headings.e.A link to the page you made in Exercise9.f.At least one image or picture.g.Save this file as YourInitialsWeb2.html.11.Make a copy of the web page you made inExercise 8. (Yes, make a copy; if you edit theoriginal, you will lose it.) Then make the followingadditions:a.Add aparagraph that contains a list of fourof your favorite music groups. Before thelist, put in this level 2 heading: My favoritemusical groups.b.Add a table at the bottom of the page thathas two rows and three columns. In the firstrow, list three of your favorite restaurants; inthe second row, list your favorite food ateach of the restaurants in the first row.c.Set the background color to an attractivepastel color.d.Add a link to aweb page. For example, youmight want to link to your home page on asocial networkingsite if you have one, or awebsite for one the restaurants you listed in(b).

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 5:Locating Information on the WWWQuestionsMultiple Choice1.Some web pages are “invisible.” That is, nosearch engine will return them in a query. Whydo these pages exist?a.no other web page links tothemb.they aresyntheticc.they are file types browsers don’tunderstandd.all of the above2.The main responsibility of a crawler is toa.find web pages with false or illegalinformationb.count the number of web pagesc.make sure lots of people visit certainpagesd.build a list of tokens that are associatedwith each page3.When picking additional sources you shouldchoosea.independent sourcesb.sources created by the same authorc.sources with the same domain named.additional sources are never needed4.Enclosing search terms in quotes asks forpages witha.the search terms in any orderb.the search terms in the exact order aswrittenc.only the first word in the search termsd.only some of the words in the searchterms5.When searching onGoogle, this is the same asusing the AND keyword.a.+b.ORc.blank spaced.-6.A primary source isa.something shared by a governmentb.a person with direct knowledgec.a teacher or librariand.the person who created the website7.Who is in charge of the World Wide Web?a.Vint CerfAnswersMultiple Choice1.d2.d3.a4.b5.c6.b7.d8.c9.a

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 5:Locating Information on the WWWb.Larry Page and Sergey Brinc.the United States governmentd.no one8.When should a researcher be skeptical of aprimary source?a.never;primary sources are alwayscredible.b.when the primary source is only onepersonc.always;the researcher should makesure to verify theinformation from othersourcesd.about 50% of the time; it depends onthe situation9.After finding theweb page you want what is thenext question you should ask yourself?a.Is the information authoritative?b.When was the web page firstpublished?c.Who owns this web page?d.Could I find this same web page using adifferent search engine?Short Answer1.The higher the ________ is,the closer to thetop of the list a web page will be in the returnedresults of a search query.2.________ in Google search queries areinterpreted as AND.3.The main work of the ________ is to build anindex.4.If a web page meets all the authoritative rulesgiven in this chapter it can still contain________ information.5._______ is the keyboard short cut for findingcertain words on a web page.6.Treating query terms as independent is almost________ what you actually want.7.Wikipedia is validated by ________.8.Wikipedia is not considered a ________source.9.Crawlers crawl less than ________ of the Web.10.To find corroborating information on the Webyou should always ________with anotherShort Answer1.page rank2.spaces3.crawler4.false5.^F:Ctrl+F or Command+F6.always7.no one8.credible9.half10.cross-check

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 5:Locating Information on the WWWindependent web page.Exercises1.Why do we need search engines? What dosearch engines do? Answer both of thesequestions in great detail.2.Explain what a crawler is and what it does.3.Explain why in the past physical books weretrusted much more than web pages are trustedtoday.4.Is the information onjournalofpetitelapgiraffescience.weebly.com/sokoblovsky-farms.html andhttp://www.ovaprima.org/true and accurate?Explain how you know.5.Explain the differences between the AND andOR logical operators and when you should usethem in web searches.6.What is an independent source, and why is itimportant to use independent sources whenresearching?7.Give threeexamples of when you would wantto usequotes around your search query.8.What is a cached page and howis it useful?9.Provide at least two concrete examples of whenyou would want to limit the domain of your websearch.10.What are the pros and cons of using Wikipediato find information?11.Use the search query “HTML quick reference”in your prefered search engine. Then describeeach part of the first result found including PageTitle, Snippet, URL, Cached, and Site Links12.Whatare the rules for Intersecting AlphabetizedLists? How are they used to implement searchqueries?Exercises1.Many possible answers thattouch on the fact that webcontent is not organized andsearch engines look aroundand organize what they find.2.A crawler searches the WorldWide Web for URLs andtokens. The main work ofcrawler is to build an index (alist of tokens) that areassociated with the page. Foreach token, the crawlercreates a list of the URLsassociated with that token.3.Physical books went througha detailed process involvingmany experts. Anyone canpost any information(fake orreal)on a web page.4.No. Many possible answers.5.When using AND all termsmust be on the page, whenusing OR one or more termscan be on the page. Manypossible answers.6.To verify the information. Ifyou use dependentinformation then they can bothbe wrong since theinformation is coming from thesame source.7.Many possible answers,possibly including book titles,quotations, music lyrics.8.Cached pages are stored bythe search engine on their lastcrawl of the web site. Acached website can be usefulwhen the website is down,has recently been changedbut not crawled, and to findout the date the web pagewas last crawled.

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 5:Locating Information on the WWW9.Many possible answers,including the fact that yoyknow where to find theinformation, or you know thatthe institution is an academicinstitution.10.Many possible answers.Should touch on thecommunity based approach,and the fact that Wikipediastates they are not a crediblesource, not validated bydomain experts.11.Many possible answers.12.The rules for IALs are: Put amarker at the start of eachtoken's list; if all markers pointto the same URL, save it;move markersto the nextposition; repeat until somemarker reaches the end of thelist, then quit. This is theprocess search engines followwhen searching for multipletokens(locating pages withmultiple search terms).

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 6:An Introduction to DebuggingQuestionsMultiple Choice1.The first step in the debugging process is toa.check for obvious errorsb.reproduce the problemc.isolate the problemd.determine the exact problem2.Computers do exactly the same thing every time whengiven the same input. What is this property called?a.fail-safeb.correctc.deterministicd.reproducible3.Most softwarea.contains bugsb.is bug freec.contains no known bugsd.works exactly as it should in everycircumstance4.When using computers,what is the most commonsource of problems?a.hardware failuresb.human errorc.Internet outagesd.software failures5.What does the ‘s’ stand for in https?a.secureb.sitec.safed.standard6.Whentesting,it is never possible to establish the________ of a program.a.outputb.run timec.correctnessd.author7.Not only is the computer unable to ________ itself, wecan’t ________ it directly, either.a.powerb.createc.correctd.debug8.What built-in tool in mostbrowsers can help youdebug a web page?a.validatorAnswersMultiple Choice1.b2.c3.a4.b5.a6.c7.d8.b9.d

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 6:An Introduction to Debuggingb.error consolec.error trackerd.bookmark9.How do we know the software running safety-criticalsystems is perfect?a.by using the debugging processb.by using a special kind of software to test itc.by letting users try out the software before it isreleasedd.we can’tShort Answer1.You should expect ________ when interacting withsoftware.2.An alternative approach to get around a problem iscalled a(n) ________.3.A(n) ________ program continues to operate whenthere is a problem, although its efficiency may bedegraded.4.A(n) ________ program shuts down to avoid causingproblems.5.Computers don’t understand what we ________, onlywhat we ________.6.Bugs in commercial software are usually fixed________.7.Computers are ________, which means that they willdo exactly the same thing every time if given the sameinput.8.________ is the most obvious HTML error.9.Errors in programs are generally not tough to________, just tough to ________.10.Program testing reveals only the ________ of bugs,never their ________.Exercises1.Explain in detail why error messages produced by acomputer do not usually explain exactly what theproblem is.2.Use debugging strategies that you have been usingsince grade school to check the math on this problem(* means multiplication)Short Answer1.feedback2.workaround3.fail-soft4.fail-safe5.mean, say6.in an updated version7.deterministic8.forgetting an end tag9.fix, locate10.presence, absenceExercises1.Errors can be in anylayer of the softwareimplementing an app;users are in the toplayer only.2.Order of operations3.Possible answersshould emphasizegetting this onedocument printed.4.Many possibleanswers.

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 6:An Introduction to Debugging3.Design several workarounds for the computer printingerror. Pretend it’s your term paper and it has to beprinted. How would you get around the problem thatthe computer and the printer aren’t printing?4.Describe a time when you “debugged” something inyour life(it does not need to relate to computers).5.Suppose your friend’s personal music player (such asan iPod) isn’t playing any songs. Explain the processyou would go through to debug the problem. List atleast eight questions you would ask, and explain howeach is an application of the debugging guidelines.6.Explainthe differences between fail-soft and fail-safe.7.Why is debugging a better approach than aimlessly“trying stuff”?8.List five questions you should ask yourself whiledebugging?9.Why do programmers never say theyare “down to thevery last bug”? Provide a concrete example thatillustrates this using HTML (your example should beyour own, not come directly from this book).10.Explain in detail three things you can try if you havefollowed the debugging process and are still unable tofix the problem.5.Possible answersshould say how toapply the debuggingheuristics.6.Fail-soft is when theprogrammingcontinues to operatebut with possible lossof functionality. Fail-safe is when theprogram stopsoperating.7.Debugging ispurposeful and goal-directed, and so ismore likely to solvethe problem.8.Many possibleanswers. Threepossibilities: “Is therea wrongassumption?”, “Did Imisunderstand thedata?” “Did I make awrong deduction?”9.Once that bug is fixedit could result in morebugs being revealed.Many possibleanswers.10.Many possibleanswers.

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 7:Representing Information DigitallyQuestionsMultiple Choice1.How many symbols can be represented byfourbits?a.12b.16c.36d.2562.PandA representation is what kind of system?a.decimalb.binaryc.hexadecimald.byte3.What was used to help structure the digitizedOxford English Dictionary?a.bytesb.setsc.ASCIId.tags4.This defines how characters relate to each otherwhen they are compared.a.digitizingb.binary sequencec.collating sequenced.information representation5.When using physical phenomenato encodeinformation, name one potential solution if thereare more than two alternatives.a.There is no solutionb.adopt them all as presentc.adopt one as present and all the otheralternatives as absentd.adopt them all as absent6.Information describing information is calleda.specialinformationb.metadatac.special-datad.formatting7.K bits in a sequence yield how many symbols?a.b.c.d.AnswersMultiple Choice1.b2.b3.d4.c5.c6.b7.b

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 7:Representing Information DigitallyShort Answer1.PandA is short for ________.2.________ encode information on DVDs andCDs.3.Hexadecimal is base ________.4.Grouping binary digits in groups of four namesmakesconverting to ________ easier.5.________ is the name we use for the twofundamental patterns of digital information basedon the presence and absence of a phenomenon.6.Information is said to be ________, or distinct;there is no gray.7.The number of digits is the ________ or the________ of the numbering system.8.The moresymbols you want,the more________ you need.9.________ is representing information withsymbols.Exercises1.Make a list of the numbers you use that are nottreated as numbers (e.g., phone numbers).2.Createa list of ten different PandA encodingsthat are different from those presented in thischapter.3.Encode (800) 555-0012 in ASCII, includingpunctuation.4.This chapter mentions that it does not matterwhether 0 represents present or absent. Explainin detail why this is the case.5.Translate the following hexadecimal into binaryand then into ASCII. 68 65 78 61 64 65 63 69 6D61 6C6.Encode the following ISBN number in ASCII:978-3-16-148410-07.You have discovered the following string ofbinary ASCII code; figure out what they mean01010111 01100001 01111001 0010000001110100 01101111 00100000 0110011101101111 001000018.Explain the relationship between the number DandShort Answer1.presence and absence2.Bumps or pits3.164.hex5.PandA6.discrete7.base, radix8.bits9.DigitizingExercises1.Many possible answers2.Many possible answers3.00101000 0011100000110000 0011000000101001 0011010100110101 0011010100101101 0011000000110000 00110001001100104.As long as the system isconsistent it is not importantwhat symbols representpresent and absent.5.01101000 0110010101111000 0110000101100100 0110010101100011 0110100101101101 0110000101101100; hexadecimal6.00111001 0011011100111000 0010110100110011 0010110100110001 0011011000101101 00110001

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 7:Representing Information Digitally9.10.Explain why radio broadcasters use longerencoding to transmit information.11.Explain why the NATO broadcast alphabetrepresents digitization. Then explain why it wasdesigned to be minimal.12.Explain how Buchholz created a error-detectingname for the memory unit13.Without metadata,why would it be hard tosearch for “set” in a digitized dictionary?00110100 0011100000110100 0011000100110000 00101101001100007.Way to go!8.They can both berepresented in binary as00109.Improves the chancesletters will be recognizedwhen spoken under less-than-ideal conditions10.It has words that representletters, which creates thedigitization. It is designed tonot be minimal to ensurethat messages are heardcorrectly.11.“It seemed that after ‘bit’comes ‘bite.’ But wechanged the ‘i’ to a ‘y’ sothat a typist couldn’taccidentally change ‘byte’into ‘bit’ by the single errorof dropping the ‘e’.12.Searching for “set” wouldreturn many occurrencessince it is used frequently indefinitions of other words

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 8:Representing Multimedia DigitallyQuestionsMultiple Choice1.Put the following binary values representing the inten-sity of green in order from least intense to most in-tense:a.1111 1100, 1111 1111, 1100 0000, 1111 0000b.1111 1111, 11000000, 11110000, 11111100c.1111 1111, 11111100, 1111 0000, 1111 1100d.1100 0000, 1111 0000, 1111 1100, 1111 11112.The RGB setting for blue is (0 is off, 1 is on)a.0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000b.1111 1111 0000 0000 0000 0000c.0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000d.0000 0000 0000 0000 1111 11113.People tend to be sensitive to small changes in_______,but not to small changes in _______.a.brightness, colorb.color, brightnessc.brightness, contrastd.color, contrast4.Analog information isa.discreteb.continuousc.randomd.digital5.According to the Nyquist rule, the sampling rate ofsoundshould beroughlya.half of what humans can hearb.the same as what humans can hearc.twice what humans can heard.three times what humans can hear6.The accuracy of a digitized sound is determined bya.the sampling rateb.the precision of the samplec.the size of the digitized filed.all of the above7.A digital-to-analog convertera.changes digital information to analog wavesb.converts continuous sound to digital soundc.converts sound to an electrical signald.sets approximated values8.Do GIF files display horizontal or vertical bands of colorbetter?a.verticalb.horizontalc.GIF files do not display vertical or horizontalbands of color very well at allAnswersMultiple Choice1.d2.d3.b4.b5.c6.a7.a8.b9.d10.b

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 8:Representing Multimedia Digitallyd.GIF files, display both horizontal and verticalbands of color very well.9.Jessica Simpson’s “A Little Bit” is 3 minutes 47 sec-onds long. How many bits is that?a.1,411,200b.40,042,800c.84,672,000d.320,342,40010.Raymond Kurzweil is known as the inventor ofa.Computer Scienceb.text-to-speech generationc.image compressiond.virtual realityShort Answer1.RGB values are usually stored as three _______.2._______is the limit that defines the maximum rate thatinformation can be transmitted.3.All colors with equal intensities of RGB sub-pixels areeither_______, _______, or shades of gray.4._______ is the term used when digital values are con-verted to create an analog sound.5._______ sound removes the highest and lowest sam-plings as part of its compression algorithm.6.Pixel color is determined solely by the_______of thecolor.7.In OCR, each pixel is an estimate of how_______thecorresponding area is.8.On the computer, _______ means to store or transmitinformation with fewer bits.9.A process that allows the computer to “read” printedcharacters is called _______.10.To increase the_______of a photo, you should in-crease the difference between the light and dark parts.11.When converting analog sound to digital sound, using_______bitsyields a more accurate digitzation.12.JPEG is to still images what _______ is to motion pic-tures.13.The _______ states that bits can represent all discreteinformation even though the bits have no meaning oftheir own.14.GIF images are limited to_______colors.Exercises1.Explain the phrases, “bits are it”, and “bits have no in-Short Answer1.bytes2.speed of light3.black, white4.interpolation5.MP36.intensity7.dark8.compression9.Optical CharacterRecognition10.contrast11.more12.MPEG13.Bias-Free Universal Me-dium Principle14.256Exercises1.Bits can represent all dis-

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Fluency with Information Technology: Skills, Concepts and Capabilities,7th EditionInstructor Solutions ManualChapter 8:Representing Multimedia Digitallyherent meaning”2.In the decimal to binary algorithm presented in thischapter, how do you determine what power of two tostart the “place values” row of the table with?3.Convert 1492 and 1776 to binary and then computetheir addition, displaying the answer in binary. Show allwork.4.In binary, add 1011, 1001, 110, and 1100.5.Convert 168 and 123 to binary and then compute theiraddition. How many bytes does it take to representeach number? How many bytes are needed for the an-swer?6.What process could you use to remove the“red-eye”from a photo? Explain your algorithm in great detail.7.Explain how a picture at 300 pixels per inch could beconverted to a picture with 100 pixels per inch.8.Give three applications of OCR systems.9.For music sold on CD, explain how a singer’s voice inthe recording studio reaches the earphones on yourcomputer.10.Why are JPEG, MPEG, and MP3 considered algo-rithms?11.What will the best latency be for 225 KB to be transmit-ted with a bandwidth of 25 KB per second? Explainyour answer.12.State five kinds of information that can be representedwith four bytes of information. Be creative, recall infor-mation discussed in previous chapters, and explaineach kind in detail.13.Explain how colored light and colored paint differ.Make sure to provide concrete examples in your ex-planation.14.Provide three advantages of using digital sound overanalog sound. Are there any disadvantages? Explainyour answer in detail.15.Assuming you had a small file of 0’s and 1’s as shownbelow. Explain how you could use run-length encodingto compress this file.0000 0000 1100 00001111 1111 0011 11110011 1111 0000 00001100 0000 0000 000016.MP3 is a lossy compression which loses some piecesof information. Why is it okay to lose this information?17.Devise an algorithm that allows you to remove certainletters from the sentence: “Ultimately, new technicaladvances transform every facet of human life and so-ciety” and it still be clearly understood by most humanscrete in-formation (e.g.,numbers, colors, sounds,etc); there is no way to de-termine what a bit se-quence represents withoutmore information2.The closest power of twothat is less than or equal tothe number being convert-ed.3.1492 = 10111010100;1776= 1101111000010111010100 +11011110000=1100110001004.101000=405.168 = 10101000;123 =1111011.10101000+1111011= 100100011Each number can be rep-resented in a byte; their surequires more than onebyte.6.Many possible answers.7.Many possible answers(e.g., having 1 pixel repre-sentthe average of a 3x3group of similar coloredpixels)8.Many possible answers,some include sorting mail,and reading checks.9.After the sounds from therecording equipment aredigitized by an analog-to-digital converter, they arecompressed to MP3 for-mat; they are then read offof the CD, decompresses,and sent to the digital-to-analog converter for theearphones.10.They are processes or al-gorithms followed to com-press file size11.9 seconds of latency; eachsecond transmits 25Kb,and 225/25=9.12.Many possible answers.

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