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True / False1. The terms “growth” and “development” are synonymous.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s Understand2. John B. Watson’s theory emphasizes libidinal energy and erogenous zones.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s Understand3. Theories are related statements about events.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s Understand4. Freud felt insufficient or excessive gratification in a stage of development would lead to developmental problems.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s UnderstandPage1

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5. According to Erikson, successful resolution of early life crises sets the stage for positive resolution of later crises.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s Understand6. The first stage of psychosocial development is trust vs. mistrust.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s Understand7. A conditioned stimulus is one that occurs without prior learning.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s Understand8. Negative reinforcement will increase a desired behavior when an unpleasant stimulus is removed.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s UnderstandPage2

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9. The study of the influence of genes on development is the study of nature (heredity) as opposed to nurture(environment).a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:1.3 Controversies in DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.3 - Discuss the major controversies in the study of childdevelopmentKEYWORDS:Bloom’s Understand10. According to the textbook, the development of language is due entirely to biology (nature).a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:1.3 Controversies in DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.3 - Discuss the major controversies in the study of childdevelopmentKEYWORDS:Bloom’s Understand11. Theorists who believe that a number of rapid, successive changes bring about development adhere to the belief thatdevelopment is continuous.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:1.3 Controversies in DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.3 - Discuss the major controversies in the study of childdevelopmentKEYWORDS:Bloom’s Understand12. Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget were both stage theorists.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:TrueREFERENCES:1.3 Controversies in DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.3 - Discuss the major controversies in the study of childdevelopmentKEYWORDS:Bloom’s UnderstandPage3

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13. The first step in the scientific method is testing the hypothesis.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:1.4 How Do We Study Child Development?LEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.4 - Examine how researchers study child development.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s Understand14. In naturalistic observation studies, the researcher tries to change or alter the environment they are observing.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:1.4 How Do We Study Child Development?LEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.4 - Examine how researchers study child development.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s Understand15. Once agreeing to participate in a study, parents and children must remain in the study until it is over.a. Trueb. FalseANSWER:FalseREFERENCES:1.5 Ethical ConsiderationsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.5 - Debate the ethical considerations involved in studying childdevelopment.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s UnderstandMultiple Choice16. In developmental psychology, how do we define “child?”a. A person undergoing development from infancy to pubertyb. A person undergoing development during the first three years of lifec. Any human being, as defined by each individual and cultured. The period of development prior to the development of complex speechANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: RememberPage4

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17. How is the definition of “child” different from that of “infant?”a. Infancy is defined as the first two years of life wherecomplexspeech is absent, whereas childhood lasts frombirth until puberty.b. Infancy lasts until age 2, whereas childhood lasts until age 5.c. Infancy is defined by a presence of complex speech, whereas childhood involves the absence of complexspeech.d. The definition of child and infant are the same.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Understand18. The term “infancy” is derived from Latin roots meaninga. not walking.b. not speaking.c. not eating solid foods.d. a child younger than age 3.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember19. Dillon is in the period known as “early” childhood. His membership in this group is determined by hisa. ability to communicate with others.b. age.c. level of social skill.d. height and weight.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: ApplyPage5

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20. Whereas early childhood includes the ages from 2 to 5 years, middle childhood can best be defined as thea. blank slate period.b. years from 6 to 12.c. years from 6 to 9.d. time of greatest gains in height and weight.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember21. In Western societies, the beginning of middle childhood is usually marked bya. a child’s entry into preschool.b. a child’s entry into first grade.c. the development of mixed-sex friendship groups.d. a well-defined sense of self-concept.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember22. The study of development includes an examination ofa. the process of conception, but not the prenatal period.b. the prenatal period only.c. the origin of sperm and ova only.d. the process of conception and the prenatal period.ANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG. RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudyKEYWORDS:Bloom’s: RememberPage6

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23. Development isa. quantitative change in the individual over time and location.b. predictable and consistent for all people across various cultures and time periods, and with regard to geneticbackground.c. the orderly appearance, over time, of physical structures, psychological traits, behaviors, and ways of adaptingto demands of life.d. qualitative change in the individual over time and location.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember24. Kylie first learned to lift her head, then sit up, crawl, stand, and walk. These changes in type and kind of motordevelopment best representa. qualitative changes.b. quantitative changes.c. both qualitative and quantitative changes.d. neither qualitative nor quantitative changes.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Apply25. Sydney is 3 years old. Her height and weight are determined bya. biological factors only, such as genetics.b. external factors only, such as nutrition and parenting style.c. the combined influence of factors such as genetics and nutrition.d. her level of cognitive and socioemotional development.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: ApplyPage7

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26. The terms “growth” and “development” area. synonymous.b. opposites.c. different; growth refers to changes in quality, whereas development refers to changes in quantity.d. different; growth refers to changes in quantity only, whereas development refers to changes in quantity and/orquality.ANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Understand27. What is the best description for why we study child development?a. To resolve differences with regard to sex and genderb. To help us eliminate all developmental problemsc. To give advice to parents in how to raise successful adultsd. To help us ensure optimal conditions of child developmentANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember28. Dr. Thomas wants to determine why some children are hyperactive, while others are not. Which of the followingmotives for studying child development does this best represent?a. To gain insight into the origins of adult behaviorb. To gain insight into sex differences and gender roles and the effects of culture on developmentc. To gain insight into the origins, prevention, and treatment of developmental problemsd. To optimize conditions for developmentANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: ApplyPage8

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29. According to your textbook, the study of issues such as the effects of daycare programs on children’s social andintellectual development fall under which of the following motives for studying child development?a. Gaining insight into human natureb. Gaining insight into sex differences and gender rolesc. Gaining insight into the origins and prevention of developmental problemsd. Optimizing conditions of developmentANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Apply30. In ancient times and in the Middle Ages, children werea. nurtured until they reached the “age of reason.”b. perceived as innately good.c. considered blank slates.d. protected by laws from harsh treatment.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember31. Which thinker suggested that children are born a “tabula rasa?”a. Jean-Jacques Rousseaub. John Lockec. Alfred Binetd. Sigmund FreudANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember32. Which thinker suggested that children are innately good at birth?a. Jean-Jacques Rousseaub. John Lockec. Alfred Binetd. Sigmund FreudANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: RememberPage9

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33. How have children been viewed in different historical eras?a. As inherently good, with no need of disciplineb. As miniature adults from day onec. As unchangeable spirits from birthd. As clean slates changed by experienceANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember34. What changes regarding children did not occur until the 20thcentury?a. Viewing children as miniature adults after the age of 7b. Passing laws to protect children from strenuous labor and caretaker abusec. Convicting children of crimes, sending them to monasteries, and marrying them without their consentd. Viewing children as the property of their parentsANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember35. Charles Darwin is best known as thea. creator of the theory known as behaviorism.b. founder of child development as an academic discipline.c. originator of the theory of evolution.d. developer of the research method known as the cross-sectional study.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: RememberPage10

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36. Who is credited with founding child development as an academic discipline and used questionnaires to study the“contents of children’s minds?”a. John Watsonb. G. Stanley Hallc. Jean Piagetd. John LockeANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.1 What Is Child Development? Coming to Terms with TermsLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember37. Developmentalists seek toa. describe, but not predict child development.b. explain, but not predict child development.c. describe and explain, but not predict child development.d. describe, explain, and predict child development.ANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember38. Just four years after Watson proposed his behavioralist views that ideas, preferences, and skills are shaped by theenvironment, Gesell came forward with which perspective of child development?a. Children are inherently evil.b. Children are inherently good.c. Biological maturation is the main principle of development.d. Environment is the main principle of development.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.1 - Explain what child development is and why it is important tostudy.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: UnderstandPage11

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39. How is “theory” defined?a. Testable predictions about an eventb. A formulation of relationships underlying observed eventsc. A feedback process that predicts developmentd. A scientific method used to study child developmentANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember40. What is one characteristic of a useful theory?a. They allow us to eliminate conflicting ideas.b. They are broad enough to be true for all humans.c. They enable laypersons to codify behavior.d. They allow us to make predictions.ANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember41. Who was the originator of psychoanalytic theory?a. Horneyb. Jungc. Freudd. DarwinANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember42. According to psychoanalytic perspectives, children and adults are caught in conflict. Early in development, thisconflict takes place between the child anda. the external world.b. their internal forces.c. his/her superego.d. the fixations the child develops during the psychosexual stages of development.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: UnderstandPage12

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43. According to Freud, which aspect of our personality is present at birth and is unconscious?a. Idb. Egoc. Superegod. SuperidANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember44. Freud believed that most of the human mind lay beneath consciousness, similar to a(n)a. volcano.b. submarine.c. reflection.d. iceberg.ANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Understand45. According to Freud, where in consciousness does the psychic structure called the id reside?a. Preconsciousb. Consciousc. Unconsciousd. ArchetypeANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember46. According to Freud, the psychic structure called egoa. helps the id get gratified in a socially appropriate way.b. is driven by a quest for pleasure.c. is our moral base that forces us to follow rules.d. is biologically based and present at birth.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: RememberPage13

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47. The superegoa. represents the norms and morals of caregivers and society.b. is innate and transmitted to the child genetically.c. develops to help the child find rational ways of satisfying urges.d. reflects the unique thought processes of the individualANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember48. Is there research evidence to support the idea that children who are weaned early or breast-fed too long develop oralfixations such as nail biting or smoking?a. Yes, this has largely been validated.b. No, there is no research evidence to support the claim.c. Yes, for men, but not for women.d. No; instead, the fixation leads to traits such as sloppiness and carelessness.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember49. According to Freud, during the first year of life, children are in the ____ stage of development.a. oralb. fixatedc. anald. latencyANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember50. A person who is ____ would be labeled “anal-expulsive.”a. overly dependentb. very gullible or easily fooledc. orderly and neatd. careless and sloppyANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: ApplyPage14

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51. Conner is 4 years old. He has developed a strong attachment to his mother and sees his father as a rival for heraffections. According to Freud, which of the following stages is Connor in?a. Phallicb. Latencyc. Genitald. FixationANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Apply52. Which of the following is the correct order of Freud's psychosexual stages?a. Anal, latency, phallic, oral, genitalb. Oral, latency, anal, phallic, genitalc. Phallic, oral, anal, latency, genitald. Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genitalANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember53. Children enter the latency stage at 5 or 6 years of age anda. usually never progress to further stages.b. generally stay there until adolescence begins.c. then enter the phallic stage at adulthood.d. stay there until the anal stage at age eight.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: RememberPage15

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54. Anna is an 8-year-old girl. Her sexual impulses are suppressed, and she spends her time focused on her schoolworkand developing relationships with same-sex friends. Which of Freud’s psychosexual stages is Anna in?a. Phallicb. Latencyc. Genitald. OralANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Apply55. Freud’s theorya. has had little impact on modern thought and is not used today.b. has influenced our ideas about when and how to toilet train children.c. was praised for being based primarily on adult’s recollections of their childhoods.d. introduced and emphasized the concept of free will into the study of child development.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Understand56. Who suggested that we develop in a healthy fashion by confronting and resolving developmental life crises?a. Karen Horneyb. Erik Eriksonc. Sigmund Freudd. Alfred AdlerANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember57. Erikson’s psychosocial theory deviates from Freud’s psychosexual theory in that Eriksona. emphasized sexual and aggressive instincts.b. emphasized social relationships and physical maturation.c. extended Freud’s five stages to 10 stages.d. noted that personality development actually beginsbeforebirth.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: UnderstandPage16

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58. Erikson labeled the stages of his theory based upona. chronological age.b. psychosexual crises.c. life crises.d. unhealthy patterns of parenting.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember59. According to Erikson, early experiencesa. have no impact on later development.b. exert a continued influence on later development.c. are determined by internal struggles and unconscious urges.d. only predict future development once we reach 6 to 8 years of age.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Understand60. Elena is a 6-month-old infant. She is leaning that her basic needs will be taken care of by her caregivers and herenvironment. According to Erikson’s theory, which stage of psychosocial development is Elena in?a. Trust vs. mistrustb. Autonomy vs. shame and doubtc. Initiative vs. guiltd. Industry vs. inferiorityANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: ApplyPage17

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61. What is the second stage of psychosocial development, according to Erikson?a. Trust vs. mistrustb. Autonomy vs. shame and doubtc. Initiative vs. guiltd. Industry vs. inferiorityANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember62. According to Erikson, which stage of development occurs between the ages of 3 to 6?a. Trust vs. mistrustb. Autonomy vs. shame and doubtc. Initiative vs. guiltd. Industry vs. inferiorityANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember63. Which stage in Erikson’s theory involves the development of independence?a. Trust vs. mistrustb. Autonomy vs. shame and doubtc. Initiative vs. guiltd. Industry vs. inferiorityANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember64. According to Erikson, what is the primary task of the teenage years?a. Sexual maturationb. Gaining metacognitive abilitiesc. Developing an identityd. Becoming generativeANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: RememberPage18

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65. Jeremy is 16 years old. He is in the process of figuring out not only his future career goals but also his politicalviewpoints and his perspectives on religion. According to Erikson, which is true about Jeremy?a. He is in the initiative vs. guilt stage.b. He has feelings of shame and doubt.c. He is in the identity vs. role diffusion stage.d. He is attempting to master his feelings of industry.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Apply66. Which of the following is considered an advantage of Erikson’s theory?a. It reinstated the importance of unconscious forces in human development.b. He suggested that childhood experiences could easily be overcome as we develop in our lives.c. He emphasized the importance of human consciousness and choice.d. He reminded us that humans are selfish and need to be forced to adhere to social norms.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Understand67. Zack has been wetting the bed. A special pad is placed under him while he is sleeping. If the pad becomes wet, acircuit closes, causing a bell to ring. After several repetitions, Zack learns to wake up before wetting the pad. Overtime, Zack stops wetting the bed altogether. This is an example of the application of what theory to the treatment ofbed-wetting?a. Psychodynamic theoryb. Psychosocial theoryc. Cognitive theoryd. Learning theoryANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: ApplyPage19

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68. Applying learning theory when trying to help children overcome behavioral disorders or to cope with adjustmentproblems is often referred to asa. psychology of adjustment.b. behavior modification.c. classical conditioning.d. sensitization learning.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember69. Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says “gotcha.” Prettysoon, as soon as she says “gotcha,” Kareem starts to laugh. This is an example ofa. habituation learning.b. classical conditioning.c. sensitization learning.d. operant conditioning.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Apply70. Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says “gotcha.” Prettysoon, as soon as she says “gotcha” Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the conditioned response?a. Laughing when his neck is touchedb. Saying “gotcha”c. Laughing when he hears “gotcha”d. Touching his neckANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: ApplyPage20

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71. Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says “gotcha.” Prettysoon, as soon as she says “gotcha,” Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the neutral stimulus?a. Laughing when his neck is touchedb. Saying “gotcha”c. Laughing when he hears “gotcha”d. Touching his neckANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Apply72. Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says “gotcha.” Prettysoon, as soon as she says “gotcha,” Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the unconditioned response?a. Laughing when his neck is touchedb. Saying “gotcha”c. Laughing when he hears “gotcha”d. Touching his neckANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Apply73. Kareem laughs whenever his neck is touched. Now before touching his neck, his mommy says “gotcha.” Prettysoon, as soon as she says “gotcha,” Kareem starts to laugh. In this example, what is the conditioned stimulus?a. Laughing when his neck is touchedb. Saying “gotcha”c. Laughing when he hears “gotcha”d. Touching his neckANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: ApplyPage21

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74. Which person introduced the concept of reinforcement into behaviorism?a. Freudb. Skinnerc. Watsond. PiagetANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember75. Nathan enjoys riding his bicycle outside. Each day that Nathan cleans up the toys in his room, he gets to ride his bikefor an extra 15 minutes that day. The additional bike-riding timea. is a negative reinforcer.b. is a positive reinforcer.c. is a punishment.d. is an unconditioned response.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Apply76. With negative reinforcement,a. you eliminate an unwanted behavior by administering something bad.b. you decrease an unwanted behavior by withholding something desired.c. you increase a desired behavior by taking away something unpleasant.d. negative reinforcement is the same as punishment.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: RememberPage22

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77. In the classic study by psychologist Harriet Rheingold, extinction of infant vocalizations occurred when theresearchera. provided encouraging sounds, smiles, and touches.b. passively observed each infant.c. used punishment.d. provided a negative reinforce.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember78. When Tomas teases his younger brother, his parents make Tomas sit in a corner for long periods of time. From whatyou have learned from the textbook about punishment, what is the likely outcome?a. It will increase the frequency of Tomas teasing his brother.b. It will teach Tomas new ways to interact with his brother.c. Tomas’s parents should punish him by spanking, as it is proven to work best.d. Tomas may learn to tease his brother only when his parents are not around.ANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Apply79. Chris’s mother offers to give him a cookie, but only if he doesn’t throw a temper tantrum in the grocery store. Whatconcept of operant conditioning is at work here?a. Positive reinforcementb. Negative punishmentc. Extinctiond. Classical conditioningANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: ApplyPage23

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80. Timothy, who is 4 years old, is taking a soccer class. His parents are highly critical of his soccer skills and regularlyscold him for not making more goals. Research suggests which of the following?a. The scolding is a neutral stimulus.b. The scolding may result in Timothy’s withdrawal from wanting to play soccer.c. The scolding helps Timothy understand how to improve his soccer skills.d. Timothy will only want to play soccer positions that do not require scoring a goal.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:: Bloom’s: Apply81. The concept of shaping suggestsa. we can teach complex behaviors by reinforcing small steps toward behavioral goals.b. children will behave the way they behave regardless of parental intervention.c. children learn through observation only.d. children will engage in more disruptive behaviors if you ignore them.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember82. Tamika is learning how to tie her shoes. Her father praises her for crossing the shoelaces. Then, he praises her againas she learns to form one end into a loop. Slowly, Tamika learns how to tie a bow with the laces. This reinforcing ofsmall steps toward a desired behavior is calleda. negative reinforcement.b. extinction.c. conditioned response.d. shaping.ANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: ApplyPage24

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83. What appears to be the most effective way for teachers to increase appropriate behaviors and decrease disruptivebehaviors in their students?a. Be very firm and harsh in response to disruption.b. Do not reinforce the positive but be sure to punish the negative.c. Reinforce appropriate behaviors and ignore misbehavior.d. Classically condition appropriate behaviors while operantly reducing inappropriate behaviors.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Apply84. Which of the following is an example of “time out from positive reinforcement”?a. Placing the child in a time out seat at the front of the classroomb. Punishing the child by making him write sentences on the boardc. Refusing to put stars and fun stickers on improperly completed homeworkd. Placing the child away from peers for a time with no rewardsANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Apply85. When her daughter misbehaves, Olivia has her daughter sit quietly by herself for a few minutes without beingallowed to play with other children or toys. What else should Olivia do to ensure that the time-out is effective inreducing her daughter’s unwanted behavior?a. She should warn her daughter that a time-out would occur if misbehavior continues.b. She should also use punishment to make the time-out more effective.c. She should not tell her daughter how long the time-out will last.d. She should not remind her daughter why the time-out is occurring.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: ApplyPage25

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86. Social cognitive theorists, such as Albert Bandura, suggest thata. children do not learn by use of such principles as reinforcement and punishment.b. children do not learn unless they are given hands-on practice with what is to be learned.c. children learn much of what they learn through observation of others.d. parents are the sole determiners of the attitudes their children will hold.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Understand87. Is it possible for skills a child has learned to remain “latent” or unused?a. No, if they don’t use it, they lose it.b. Yes, they may only use it when it is needed.c. No, learning is an active, not a passive process.d. Yes, but only for motor skills such as jumping rope or playing basketball.ANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Understand88. Albert Bandura would agree with which statement?a. A child can learn how to use crayons by watching others use crayons.b. The bell-and-pad method for bed-wetting is a social-cognitive approach.c. Children react mechanically to stimuli.d. People are driven by motives such as sex and aggression.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Apply89. According to Bandura, childrena. choose whether or not to engage in behaviors they’ve learned.b. can only learn by doing.c. will not imitate the behavior of others unless they are rewarded for doing so.d. are passive recipients of knowledge.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: UnderstandPage26

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90. Which of the following represents observational learning?a. Jonathan jumps when he hears loud thunder.b. Antony isn’t given any dessert because he didn’t eat his green vegetables at dinner.c. Gina watches her mother mow the grass and then she pushes her toy lawnmower around the lawn in a similarway.d. Sara stops having temper tantrums in public when her father begins ignoring them.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Apply91. Brian wanted to learn how to play lacrosse. He chose to sign up for classes. The more he paid attention to hiscoaches, the better his skills became. People commented on how gifted a lacrosse player he was. As a result, henow thinks of himself as an excellent player and pays even more attention to his coaches and his skilled teammates.This example best illustratesa. classical conditioning.b. the conflict between the id and the superego.c. positive reinforcement.d. assimilation and accommodation.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Apply92. Piaget is known for developinga. psychosexual stages.b. psychosocial stages.c. operant conditioning.d. cognitive-developmental theory.ANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: RememberPage27

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93. In his research, Piaget became fascinated by the wrong answers children gave to items on intelligence tests. Thesewrong answers reflecteda. inconsistent but logical mental processes.b. consistent but logical processes.c. inconsistent but illogical processes.d. consistent but illogical processes.ANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember94. Which of the following is a cognitive theorist MOST likely to study?a. How children confront and resolve developmental crises in their livesb. How id, ego, and superego work together to form a healthy personalityc. How patterns of reinforcement and punishment promote learningd. How children perceive and mentally represent the worldANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Understand95. From his work at the Binet Institute in Paris, Piaget concluded thata. children’s incorrect answers resulted from inconsistent cognitive processing.b. only their correct answers demonstrated what children were thinking.c. children’s incorrect answers followed consistent cognitive processes.d. there was nothing to learn about cognitive processes from children’s incorrect answers.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember96. Piaget saw children asa. budding scientists.b. ignorant blank slates.c. at the mercy of instinctive impulses.d. passive vessels waiting to be filled with knowledge.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: UnderstandPage28

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97. According to Piaget, which of the following represents a scheme for infants?a. Things I can testb. Things I can think aboutc. Things I can classifyd. Things I can grabANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Apply98. If Kaylee’s scheme of “things I am good at” changes, according to Piaget, how did this happen?a. Through assimilationb. Through accommodationc. By habituation to a new experiencd. Through dysregulation of existing schemesANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Apply99. Which word is not associated with Piaget’s cognitive developmental theory?a. Sensorimotorb. Operationsc. Equilibrationd. ScaffoldingANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Remember100. Schemes servea. as action patterns that serve to guide behavior.b. to limit our ability to learn about and to represent our world mentally.c. to guarantee that information processing will be unique and individualized.d. to restrict our understanding of the world.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:: Bloom’s: RememberPage29

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101. According to Piaget, infantsa. do not have schemes.b. are incapable of cognition.c. have schemes that involve simply what they can and cannot do with objects.d. are entirely dependent upon reflexes for survival.ANSWER:cREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Understand102. Piaget called a natural biological tendency to interact with and respond to the environmenta. adaptation.b. accommodation.c. assimilation.d. referencing.ANSWER:aREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:: Bloom’s: Remember103. Assimilation is a(n)a. nonadaptive process.b. innate process acquired at birth.c. purely a cognitive process.d. biological and cognitive process.ANSWER:dREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: Understand104. Baby Tyrese has an understanding of “things he can reach,” such as a toy in his crib, and “things he can’t reach,”such as the mobile hanging above his crib. According to Piaget, what are these cognitive structures called?a. Theoriesb. Schemesc. Assimilation categoriesd. Accommodation categoriesANSWER:bREFERENCES:1.2 Theories of Child DevelopmentLEARNING OBJECTIVES:VOYG.RATH.17.1.2 - Outline the major theories of child development and whytheories are useful.KEYWORDS:Bloom’s: ApplyPage30

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Test Bank For Childhood and Adolescence: Voyages in Development, 6th Edition

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