Test Bank for Understanding Psychology, 15th Edition (Chapters 1-5)

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Test Bank for
Understanding Psychology, 15th Edition Feldman
Chapter 1-17 Answers are at the end of Each chapter
Chapter 1
Student name:__________
MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or
answers the question.
1) Psychology is defined as the
A) intuition-based approach to study human behavior.
B) speculative method to find answers about human cognition.
C) study of mental disorders and their treatment.
D) scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
2) Akira has declared psychology as his major. He will be studying
A) internal medicine.
B) behavior and mental processes.
C) mental disorders and their diagnosis and treatment.
D) the disorders of the central nervous system.
3) A single-sentence definition of psychology may be misleading because
A) it is very difficult to study the mind and behavior scientifically.
B) psychology is a narrower, more specific field than a general definition might suggest.
C) psychologists disagree on how broad psychology should really be.
D) the discipline of psychology really has no core or center.

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4) In order to study mind and behavior, psychologists
A) rely on the scientific method.
B) use their intuition.
C) rely on the study of internal medicine.
D) use speculation.
5) In which of the following scenarios is a scientific explanation being provided to explain a
phenomenon?
A) When asked if violent video games have an impact on players, Dr. Lee replies that
there is substantial empirical evidence to suggest a change in the gamers' behavior.
B) When asked if mood influences social behavior, Dr. Sessler replies that he believes
that it does.
C) When asked if addiction is a disease or a choice, Dr. Smith replies that he knows
many addicts and he feels that they have a disease.
D) When asked if he can train his mind to not feel physical pain, Dr. Farnworth replies
that he focuses on his breathing when he feels pain to increase his tolerance for it.
6) Which of the following statements accurately describes the diverse subfields of
psychology?
A) They allow psychologists to explain different types of behavior using the same
techniques and experiments.
B) Though they are individually separate and distinct, they all share a common goal of
understanding behavior.
C) They always lead to an MD (doctor of medicine) degree.
D) They are not related at all other than being considered a part of psychology.
7) Dr. Alvarez is currently studying how the degeneration of certain components of nerve
cells in the brain leads to Lewy body disease. Dr. Alvarez's work is most likely to be a part of the
________ subfield of psychology.

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A) evolutionary
B) developmental
C) industrial-organizational
D) behavioral neuroscience
8) Which of the following is the focus of experimental psychology?
A) exploring the relationship between psycho-logical factors and physical ailments or
disease
B) investigating the relationship between people and their physical environment
C) studying the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the world
D) analyzing how people grow and change from the moment of conception through
death
9) Which of the following subfields of psychology matches with its description?
A) Cognitive psychology examines the relationship between the nervous system and
behavior.
B) Developmental psychology examines how people grow and change from conception
through death.
C) Experimental psychology explores the relationship between psycho-logical factors
and physical ailments or disease.
D) Clinical psychology focuses on the consistency in people's behavior over time and
the traits that differentiate one per-son from another.
10) Which of the following subfields of psychology is CORRECTLY matched with a sample
topic?

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A) behavioral neuroscience: the influence of chronic stress on physical health
B) developmental psychology: the effectiveness of drug therapy for obsessive-
compulsive disorder
C) cognitive psychology: the influence of an event on people's thinking
D) health psychology: the role that frustration plays in producing aggression
11) Which of the following is true of cognitive psychology?
A) It studies the inheritance of traits related to behavior.
B) It stems from Charles Darwin's arguments in his book, On the Origin of Species.
C) It is a subspecialty of experimental psychology.
D) It includes subfields such as developmental and personality psychology.
12) ________ psychology focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory,
reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language.
A) Developmental
B) Personality
C) Clinical
D) Cognitive
13) Why is the term experimental psychologist considered somewhat misleading?
A) Psychologists in every subfield use the experimental method.
B) The term is no longer in existence.
C) Most psychological topics are not suited to experimental study.
D) Experimental methods are only appropriate to the study of the biological bases of
behavior.
14) Which of the following is TRUE of evolutionary psychology?

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A) It has already led to promising new treatments for psychological disorders.
B) It considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our
ancestors.
C) It suggests that significant behaviors cannot be unfolded automatically as they are
wired into the human species.
D) It is one of the subspecialties of experimental psychology.
15) Which of the following branches of psychology focuses on the consistency in people's
behavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another?
A) clinical psychology
B) personality psychology
C) cognitive psychology
D) evolutionary psychology
16) Dr. Chen studies how people grow and change during late adolescence and young
adulthood. Dr. Doherty focuses on several traits that distinguish one person from another. Dr.
Chen is a(n) ________; Dr. Doherty is a(n) ________.
A) experimental psychologist; cognitive psychologist
B) health psychologist; clinical psychologist
C) developmental psychologist; personality psychologist
D) clinical psychologist; counseling psychologist
17) Dr. Ebrahim is involved in a study that tracks the changes in peer relationships among
adolescents between the ages 13 and 17. Dr. Ebrahim is a(n) ________ psychologist.
A) cognitive
B) evolutionary
C) educational
D) developmental

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18) Matias, a five-year-old, has just started preschool. As a preschooler, he must get used to
being away from his parents for a few hours and being around other children and adults. His
parents feel that this change may be difficult for him. A psychologist studying Matias's case is
likely to belong to the field of
A) clinical psychology.
B) developmental psychology.
C) health psychology.
D) evolutionary psychology.
19) Which of the following statements about health psychology is TRUE?
A) Health psychologists seeks to understand how humans might inherit certain healthy
traits and how the environment influences whether they display such traits.
B) Health psychologists are interested in identifying ways to promote behavior that
brings about good health.
C) Health psychology concentrates on such diverse topics as human aggression, liking
and loving, persuasion, and conformity.
D) Health psychology stems from Charles Darwin's arguments in his groundbreaking
1859 book, On the Origin of Species.
20) During a discussion on the psychological aspects of suicide bombers, Dr. Gerami asserts
the role of strong authority figures in encouraging the actions of suicide bombers. However, Dr.
Islington proposes the role of internal traits in suicide bombing. Which of the following BEST
identifies the subfields in which each of them specializes?
A) Dr. Gerami: personality psychology; Dr. Islington: social psychology
B) Dr. Gerami: social psychology; Dr. Islington: cross-cultural psychology
C) Dr. Gerami: social psychology; Dr. Islington: personality psychology
D) Dr. Gerami: cross-cultural psychology; Dr. Islington: personality psychology

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21) Enterprise City has been hard hit by a recent economic downturn. Local psychologists are
holding a public workshop to help the citizens cope with the adversity. Dr. Kurutz is outlining
strategies to help adults who have been laid off avoid overeating and the use of drugs or alcohol.
Dr. Kurutz is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.
A) experimental
B) cross-cultural
C) social
D) health
22) As a program manager, Jazmin is required to sit at her computer for long hours working
constantly on similar projects. As a result, she has lost all motivation to perform better. In
addition, she has developed a negative attitude toward her coworkers and has stopped
contributing to team efforts. To help her become a better employee, Jazmin's manager is likely to
refer her to a(n)
A) cognitive psychologist.
B) experimental psychologist.
C) industrial psychologist.
D) health psychologist.
23) Fiona helps students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) develop
effective study regimens and strategies. Fiona is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.
A) health
B) experimental
C) developmental
D) counseling
24) Dr. Growe is reading about a research study in which psychologists investigated the
effect of group size on the conformity of group members. Dr. Growe is most likely reading this
in what type of psychology journal?

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A) developmental
B) social
C) counseling
D) evolutionary
25) Unlike clinical psychology, counseling psychology
A) involves diagnosing and treating problems that range from the crises of everyday life
to more extreme conditions.
B) unites the areas of neuroscience and clinical psychology.
C) focuses specifically on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.
D) builds on advances in the human understanding of the structure and chemistry of the
brain.
26) Victor works in a university. According to his job description, he is required to help
students understand what kind of jobs they are suited for, identify the best learning practices, and
resolve problems with their peers. Victor works as a ________ in the university.
A) developmental psychologist
B) personality psychologist
C) social psychologist
D) counseling psychologist
27) Hugo is a college student. He is unable to cope with the workload and he does not get
along with his classmates. He goes to his teacher for advice. Hugo's teacher is likely to refer him
to a
A) health psychologist.
B) counseling psychologist.
C) personality psychologist.
D) clinical psychologist.

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28) Which of the following is TRUE of social psychologists?
A) They argue that our genetic inheritance determines not only physical traits but
certain personality traits and social behaviors as well.
B) They are concerned with identifying ways to promote behavior that brings about
good health.
C) They are also called developmental psychologists.
D) They concentrate on diverse topics such as human aggression, liking and loving,
persuasion, and conformity.
29) ________ psychologists concentrate on diverse topics such as human aggression, liking
and loving, persuasion, and conformity.
A) Counseling
B) Social
C) Evolutionary
D) Clinical
30) Arata's wife died in a car accident. He is unable to cope with the grief; as a result, he
loses his appetite, is unable to sleep, cannot focus at work, and avoids his friends and family. His
family together decides that he needs help. Arata's family is likely to refer him to a(n)
A) behavioral geneticist.
B) program evaluator.
C) industrial/organizational psychologist.
D) clinical psychologist.
31) Which of the following is TRUE of evolutionary psychologists?

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A) They are interested in how behavior is influenced by genetic inheritance.
B) They reject the notions of natural selection and survival of the fittest.
C) They are proponents of the idea that introspection reveals the structure of the mind.
D) They argue that psychological disorders are brought about by unconscious factors.
32) One of the arguments presented in Charles Darwin's book On the Origin of Species is
that
A) it is possible to completely understand behavior by studying the environment in
which individuals operate.
B) psychological disorders rarely originate from biological factors.
C) natural selection leads to the development of traits that enable a species to adapt to its
environment.
D) people's environment has little effect on the traits they exhibit.
33) In what way, if any, do evolutionary psychologists go beyond Darwin's arguments?
A) They suggest that culture influences the nature of behavioral and mental processes.
B) They argue that our genetic heritage influences our physical characteristics.
C) They argue that our genetic inheritance determines aspects of our personality and
social behavior.
D) They do not go beyond Darwin's original arguments.
34) Dr. Lin and Dr. Marino both study obesity. Dr. Lin relates the likelihood of obesity to
levels of the trait of neuroticism—the tendency to experience upsetting emotions. Dr. Marino
relates obesity to the frequency with which individuals eat alone, with family members, or in the
presence of larger groups of friends, acquaintances, or strangers. Which of the following
statements is most likely TRUE regarding the subfields in which the researchers specialize?

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A) Dr. Marino is a social psychologist.
B) Dr. Lin is a social psychologist.
C) Dr. Marino is a personality psychologist.
D) Dr. Lin is a behavioral psychologist.
35) Central State University's Department of Psychology is considering expanding its
doctoral program to include an additional specialty. The department wants to focus on a
"growth" area likely to attract federal research funding as well as up-and-coming new faculty and
bright, passionate graduate students. Which of the following specialties should the department
consider most closely?
A) personality psychology
B) evolutionary psychology
C) perceptual psychology
D) cross-cultural psychology
36) What is the most controversial aspect of the evolutionary psychology position?
A) They hold the notion that our evolutionary heritage influences our physical
characteristics.
B) They promote the idea that our evolutionary heritage might influence aspects of our
behavioral and mental processes.
C) Evolutionary psychologists downplay the influence of biological inheritance on
thought and behavior.
D) Evolutionary psychologists minimize the role of environmental and social forces.
37) Which of the following is TRUE of behavioral genetics?

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A) It is one of the oldest subfields of psychology.
B) It focuses on the biological mechanisms that enable inherited behavior to unfold.
C) It suggests that natural selection leads to the development of traits that enable a
species to adapt to its environment.
D) It unites the areas of neuroscience and clinical psychology.
38) Which of the following subfields of psychology matches with its description?
A) Social psychology is a subfield of psychology that is concerned with the psychology
of the workplace.
B) Behavioral genetics is a subfield of psychology that deals with the study, diagnosis,
and treatment of psychological disorders.
C) Clinical neuropsychology is a subfield of psychology that focuses on the biological
origin of psychological disorders.
D) Industrial/organizational psychology is a subfield of psychology that focuses
primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.
39) Which of the following is TRUE of clinical neuropsychology?
A) It considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our
ancestors.
B) It builds on advances in the human understanding of the structure and chemistry of
the brain.
C) It stems from the notion of survival of the fittest.
D) It focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.
40) Assuming Dr. Hart is a clinical neuropsychologist, in which of the following is she likely
to be involved?

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A) investigating the relation between depressive disorders and the levels of the
neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain
B) studying violent dreams to understand the role of unconscious forces affecting an
individual's behavior
C) studying the effects of long-term stress on an individual's health and physiology
D) investigating the relationship between family communication patterns and
psychological disorders
41) Clinical neuropsychology
A) focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.
B) considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.
C) seeks to understand how we might inherit certain behavioral traits.
D) focuses on the origin of psychological disorders in biological factors.
42) Beatriz has just received her doctoral degree in psychology. All else being equal, in
which of the following settings is she most likely to find employment?
A) a college/university
B) the military
C) a hospital
D) a large business corporation
43) The local state university has opened a new center devoted to the study and treatment of
obesity, a major public health problem in the area. Dr. Nolan is researching the potential of a
drug that influences the activity of hunger centers in the brain's hypothalamus. Dr. Osterman
attempts to uncover the unconscious conflicts that may spur compulsive eating. Which of the
following statements best describes the orientations of these two psychologists?

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A) Dr. Nolan is a clinical neuropsychologist; Dr. Osterman is a psychodynamic
psychologist.
B) Dr. Nolan is a clinical neuropsychologist; Dr. Osterman is a counseling psychologist.
C) Dr. Nolan is a social psychologist; Dr. Osterman is a humanistic psychologist.
D) Dr. Nolan is a behavioral psychologist; Dr. Osterman is a psychodynamic
psychologist.
44) In the context of the proportion of psychologists in the United States, which of the
following is a true statement?
A) The numbers of minority individuals entering the field of psychology have
significantly reduced in the last decade.
B) Psychologists in the United States make up between 30 percent and 34 percent of the
world's psychologists.
C) Women outnumber men in the field of psychology in the United States.
D) The majority of psychologists in the United States are Hispanics and Asians.
45) As a minority, Rwanda works as a clinical psychologist in Atlanta, Georgia. Given the
current situation in her field of psychology in the United States, which of the following scenarios
is likely to hold true for Rwanda?
A) Rwanda is outnumbered in her field by her male counterparts.
B) Rwanda is among the 50 percent of all professionally active psychologists belonging
to racial minority groups.
C) Rwanda is likely to get more female patients belonging to the same ethnic group or
race as hers.
D) Rwanda is likely to be paid more than her male counterparts.
46) Which of the following statements concerning the representation of racial and ethnic
minorities among American psychologists is TRUE?

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A) The number of minority members entering the field is about the same as it was 10
years ago.
B) The number of minority members entering the field is higher than it was 10 years
ago.
C) The increase in the number of degrees awarded to minority members has outpaced
the growth of the minority population.
D) The number of minority members entering the field has decreased over the years.
47) How is the diversity of psychology limited in the United States?
A) Racial and ethnic minorities are underrepresented among psychologists.
B) The majority of psychologists are male.
C) Psychologists in the United States far outnumber those in all other countries
combined.
D) Most research is conducted outside the United States.
48) Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to be a psychologist?
A) Dionne, who holds a PhD degree
B) Everett, who has an MD degree
C) Fallon, who graduated with a PsyD degree
D) Melinda, who has written a dissertation on drug abuse and is now teaching at a
university
49) Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the difference between PhDand the
PsyD degrees?
A) A PhDrequires more years of study than a PsyD.
B) A PhD requires a dissertation based on an original investigation.
C) Fewer people earn a PhDthan a PsyD.
D) A PhD is obtained by psychologists who wish to focus exclusively on the treatment
of psychological disorders.

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50) Which of the following statements about psychiatrists is TRUE?
A) They most often use treatments involving the prescription of drugs.
B) They must submit a dissertation based on an original investigation to obtain a degree.
C) They lack a medical degree.
D) They have a PsyD, or doctor of psychology, as their highest degree.
51) Callie works in the field of psychology. All else being equal, the chance of her highest
degree being a Master's degree is
A) one-fifth.
B) one-fourth.
C) one-third.
D) one-sixth.
52) Kristen is a psychology major. Immediately following graduation, she will most likely
A) join the workforce.
B) feel that her job is unrelated to her psychology background.
C) continue to graduate school.
D) remain unemployed.
53) Psychology majors are highly valued by employers in business, industry, and the
government because psychology majors
A) are trained to be empathetic.
B) provide counseling to their coworkers as and when required.
C) can synthesize and evaluate information well.
D) develop good intuitive skills.

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54) The most common employment sector for students graduating with a bachelor's degree in
psychology is
A) education.
B) business.
C) the local government.
D) social services.
55) The field of phrenology is associated with
A) Gall.
B) Wundt.
C) Descartes.
D) Ebbinghaus.
56) ________ believed that children were born into the world with minds like "blank slates"
and that their experiences determined what kind of adults they would become.
A) Locke
B) Plato
C) Wundt
D) Descartes
57) The phrase tabula rasa may be translated as
A) red tablet.
B) raised table.
C) new table.
D) blank slate.
58) The formal beginning of psychology is associated with

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A) Wundt.
B) James.
C) Descartes.
D) Ebbinghaus.
59) When Wilhelm Wundt established the first experimental laboratory devoted to
psychological phenomena in 1879, his goal was to
A) examine the function of the emotion of fear in preparing people to deal with
emergency situations.
B) study the structures of the mind and their relationship to conscious experience.
C) unite the areas of neuroscience and clinical psychology.
D) study how people consider individual elements together as units or wholes.
60) Which of the following is a contribution of Wilhelm Wundt to the field of psychology?
A) He initiated the functionalist movement.
B) He established the psychodynamic perspective.
C) He pioneered the approach of structuralism.
D) He developed the gestalt psychology approach.
61) The 150th anniversary of a historic event will be commemorated at the American
Psychological Association in the year 2029. Which of the following events is being
commemorated?
A) Wundt's operation of the first psychology laboratory, 1879
B) Charles Darwin's publication of the On the Origin of Species, 1859
C) G. S. Hall's founding of the American Psychological Association, 1892
D) Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning, 1904

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62) Dr. Leleux asserts that psychologists should attempt to identify the fundamental attributes
of mental experience. Dr. Leleux appears most sympathetic to the ________ perspective in
psychology.
A) functionalist
B) prescriptive
C) structuralist
D) humanistic
63) Ricardo is a victim of domestic abuse. His therapist, Dr. Shania Johnson, tries to build his
confidence and help him regain his trust in people. She wants Ricardo to realize his potential and
to not let his past define him. She believes that Ricardo is already on the path to recovery
because he sought help of his own free will. Dr. Shania Johnson is most likely a supporter of the
________ perspective in the field of psychology.
A) functionalist
B) prescriptive
C) humanistic
D) structuralist
64) Seo-yeon is a psychologist. In one of her experiments, she shows her subjects an image
of an infant playing with a puppy and asks them to describe what they experienced when viewing
the image. In this scenario, Seo-yeon is attempting to understand how basic sensory processes
shape an individual's understanding of the world using the method of
A) trephining.
B) introspection.
C) internal observation.
D) information processing.
65) Lassandra takes a sip of cola. "Sweet...cold, wet, tingly...slightly bitter," she reports.
Lassandra is

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A) introspecting.
B) demonstrating functionalism.
C) defining umami.
D) taking an intelligence test.
66) Which of the following statements about structuralism is TRUE?
A) It brought about the union of functionalism and Gestalt psychology.
B) It involved the use of a method known as information processing.
C) It was pioneered by German scientists Hermann Ebbinghaus and Max Wertheimer.
D) It focused on uncovering the fundamental mental components, states, and activities.
67) Which of the following was a disadvantage of introspection?
A) Introspection was a complicated process.
B) Introspection was time-consuming.
C) Introspection was too simplistic.
D) Introspection was not truly scientific.
68) Which of the following statements is TRUE of the structuralist perspective of
psychology?
A) The structuralist perspective was supplanted by other views.
B) The structuralist perspective triumphed over alternative ones.
C) The structuralist perspective continues to coexist with other views in psychology.
D) The structuralist perspective has waned somewhat, but it still remains influential
today.
69) As a psychologist, Feng is interested in studying the effects of anxiety on an individual's
efforts to deal with a stressful situation. Which of the following perspectives does Feng
advocate?

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A) structuralism
B) behavioral genetics
C) functionalism
D) Gestalt psychology
70) Which of the following statements about functionalism is TRUE?
A) It was derived from the notion of survival of the fittest.
B) It focused on the role behavior plays in allowing people to adapt to their
environments.
C) It involved the use of introspection to understand the structure of the mind.
D) It was first suggested by William Wundt in 1879.
71) A time travel mishap lands you at one of the first psychology conferences ever held,
sometime at the dawn of the 20th century. The graying older scientists slowly losing their grip on
the field are most likely ________, whereas the passionate young up-and-comers are probably
________.
A) structuralists; functionalists
B) functionalists; developmentalists
C) humanists; structuralists
D) humanists; functionalists
72) In the context of the psychology of emotion, William James and John Dewey would be
most interested in
A) the contribution of unconscious memories to one's emotional experience.
B) the basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience.
C) how behavior aids one's adaptation to the environment.
D) the organization of perception and thinking in a "whole" sense.

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73) Which of the following movements was led by the psychologist William James?
A) functionalism
B) social psychology
C) structuralism
D) Gestalt psychology
74) According to ________, the human perception, or understanding, of objects is greater and
more meaningful than the individual elements that make up these perceptions.
A) structuralism
B) forensic psychology
C) functionalism
D) Gestalt psychology
75) The Gestalt psychologists made substantial contribution to our understanding of
A) memory.
B) perception.
C) emotion.
D) motivation.
76) Which of the following statements describes the basic idea of Gestalt psychology?
A) It emphasizes the process of introspection.
B) It emphasizes the process of natural selection.
C) It emphasizes the unconscious determinants of behavior.
D) It emphasizes the organization of perception.

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77) Donna-Lynn is preparing a visual display of psychology's early history. One panel is
headed "The Gay '90s." It portrays developments in the 1890s. Another panel is titled "The
Roaring '20s." It is devoted to the 1920s. Which theoretical perspectives in psychology should
appear in each of these panels?
A) Gay '90s: functionalism; Roaring '20s: Gestalt psychology
B) Gay '90s: behaviorism; Roaring '20s: structuralism
C) Gay '90s: psychodynamic perspective; Roaring '20s: behaviorism
D) Gay '90s: Gestalt psychology; Roaring '20s: structuralism
78) Which of the following figures best approximates the number of major perspectives in
psychology?
A) one or two
B) about five
C) a dozen or so
D) as many as there are psychologists
79) Which of the following is TRUE of the neuroscience perspective of psychology?
A) The neuroscience perspective has little appeal because every behavior ultimately can
be broken down into its biological components.
B) Proponents of the neuroscience perspective rejected psychology's early emphasis on
the internal workings of the mind.
C) The origins of the neuroscience perspective are linked to Sigmund Freud.
D) The neuroscience perspective includes the study of heredity and evolution, which
considers how heredity may influence behavior.
80) The neuroscience perspective

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A) suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control of
their lives and behavior.
B) focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world.
C) considers how people and nonhumans function biologically.
D) argues that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we have
little awareness or control.
81) Which of the following statements describes the behavioral perspective of psychology?
A) It emphasizes that behavior is influenced by an individual's way of thinking about
the world.
B) It emphasizes that every behavior ultimately can be broken down into its biological
components.
C) It emphasizes that observable, external behavior, which can be objectively measured,
should be the focus of study.
D) It emphasizes that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which an
individual has little control.
82) Noreen asserts that our behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which
we have little awareness or control. This viewpoint is most consistent with the ________
perspective in psychology.
A) psychodynamic
B) humanistic
C) cognitive
D) neuroscience
83) To many people who have never taken a psychology course, psychology begins and ends
with the ________ perspective.

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A) neuroscience
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic
84) Which of the following is an argument that proponents of the psychodynamic perspective
are likely to present?
A) Human thinking is similar to the workings of a computer, which takes in information
and transforms, stores, and retrieves it.
B) Every behavior ultimately can be broken down into its biological components.
C) Behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which an individual has
little awareness or control.
D) The focus of a psychological study should be on external behavior that can be
observed and measured objectively.
85) Penny is a recovering drug addict. Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of her
environment—"people, places, and things"—on her use of her drug of choice. Her program
reflects the ________ perspective in psychology.
A) psychodynamic
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) neuroscience
86) Dr. Greenway argues that psychology should focus on observable, measurable behavior.
Dr. Cech suggests that psychology should study how people think about and understand the
world. Which option below correctly identifies their perspectives?

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A) Dr. Greenway—behavioral perspective; Dr. Cech—cognitive perspective
B) Dr. Greenway—cognitive perspective; Dr. Cech—behavioral perspective
C) Dr. Greenway—behavioral perspective; Dr. Cech—humanistic perspective
D) Dr. Greenway—psychodynamic perspective; Dr. Cech—humanistic perspective
87) Which of the following psychologists is associated with the psychodynamic perspective?
A) William James
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Karen Horney
D) Leta Stetter
88) Which of the following is a contribution of the psychologist B. F. Skinner?
A) He was the first psychologist to study the different aspects of child development.
B) He was a pioneer in the field of behavioral perspective.
C) He was the founder of the American Journal of Psychoanalysis.
D) He was the first male president of the American Psychological Association.
89) The cognitive perspective is said to have evolved in part from the ________ perspective
in early psychology and to represent a reaction to ________.
A) structuralist; humanism
B) structuralist; behaviorism
C) humanist; behaviorism
D) humanist; functionalism
90) Driving to work one day, Owen suspects that drivers talking on their cell phones pay less
attention to the road than do other drivers. This hypothesis would most likely be tested by a
________ psychologist.

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A) behavioral
B) humanistic
C) cognitive
D) psychodynamic
91) Which of the following correctly describes the cognitive perspective of psychology?
A) It has evolved in part from structuralism and in part as a reaction to behaviorism.
B) It was championed by B. F. Skinner.
C) It suggests that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which an
individual has little control.
D) It provides a means to understand everyday phenomena such as prejudice and
aggression.
92) The humanistic perspective rejects the view that behavior reflects biological forces,
unconscious processes, or the environment. In other words, it rejects the ________, ________,
and ________ perspectives, respectively.
A) cognitive; psychodynamic; behavioral
B) neuroscience; cognitive; behavioral
C) cognitive; psychodynamic; neuroscience
D) neuroscience; psychodynamic; behavioral
93) The emphasis of the humanistic perspective is on
A) free will.
B) environmental determinism.
C) natural selection.
D) unconscious motives.

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94) Which of the following ideas stands in contrast to the notion that behavior is caused
primarily by choices that are made freely by the individual?
A) naturism
B) structuralism
C) determinism
D) functionalism
95) Dr. Petrovic tries to help his clients see how their behavior reflects choices they have
made. He is most likely a ________ therapist.
A) psychodynamic
B) clinical neuroscience
C) humanistic
D) Gestalt
96) Recall Watson's quote: "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own
specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to
become any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes,
even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations
and race of his ancestors." If 1 = extreme nature and 10 = extreme nurture, where would you
place Watson on the nature vs. nurture issue?
A) 1 or 2
B) 3 or 4
C) 5 or 6
D) 9 or 10
97) Dr. Quinones studies the achievement motivation of junior high school students. He
asserts that such motivation mainly reflects the parenting and educational practices the students
have experienced. This statement is most directly related to the ________ issue; Dr. Quinones'
position is toward the ________ end of the continuum.

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A) nature vs. nurture; nature
B) nature vs. nurture; nurture
C) observable behavior vs. internal mental processes; observable behavior
D) observable behavior vs. internal mental processes; internal mental processes
98) Dr. Reynolds believes that depression reflects aspects of a patient's early relationship
with her parents of which she may be completely unaware. Dr. Smith, by contrast, argues that
depression stems from a patient's negative self-talk. The two psychologists appear to disagree on
the ________ issue.
A) nature vs. nurture
B) conscious vs. unconscious causes
C) free will vs. determinism
D) structuralism vs. functionalism
99) Which of the following is an argument presented by psychologists adhering to the
behavioral perspective of psychology?
A) They contend that the only legitimate source of information for psychologists is
behavior that can be observed directly.
B) They contend that psychological disorders are brought about by unconscious
behaviors.
C) They contend that behavioral disorders are largely the result of faulty thinking
processes.
D) They contend that human behavior is influenced by genetics.
100) Which of the following arguments is likely to be made by a proponent of the humanistic
perspective of psychology?

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A) People make intentional choices and those who display so-called abnormal behavior
should be considered responsible for their actions.
B) Psy-chological disorders are brought about by unconscious factors.
C) The only legitimate source of information for psychologists is behavior that can be
observed directly.
D) It is possible to gain a complete understanding of behavior by studying the
environment in which an individual operates.
101) Emma is the sole earning member of her family. She wants to study further but is forced
to give up on her dreams to support her family. Which of the following ideas explains Emma's
behavior?
A) functionalism
B) structuralism
C) determinism
D) factualism
102) Individual differences are to universal principles as the ________ perspective is to the
________ perspective.
A) neuroscience; humanistic
B) cognitive; behavioral
C) humanistic; neuroscience
D) behavioral; cognitive
103) Rob is a 16-year-old American student; Yoon-Sook is a 16-year-old Asian student. Rob
and Yoon-Sook, respectively, are likely to attribute academic success to ________ and
________.

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Test Bank for Understanding Psychology, 15th Edition (Chapters 1-5)

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