Test Bank for Understanding Psychology, 15th Edition (Chapters 1-5)

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Version 11Test Bank forUnderstanding Psychology, 15th Edition FeldmanChapter1-17Answers are at the end ofEach chapterChapter 1Student name:__________MULTIPLE CHOICE - Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement oranswers the question.1)Psychology is defined as theA)intuition-based approach to study human behavior.B)speculative method to find answers about human cognition.C)study of mental disorders and their treatment.D)scientific study of behavior and mental processes.2)Akira has declared psychology as his major. He will be studyingA)internal medicine.B)behavior and mental processes.C)mental disorders and their diagnosis and treatment.D)the disorders of the central nervous system.3)A single-sentence definition of psychology may be misleading becauseA)it is very difficult to study the mind and behavior scientifically.B)psychology is a narrower, more specific field than a general definition might suggest.C)psychologists disagree on how broad psychology should really be.D)the discipline of psychology really has no core or center.

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Version 124)In order to study mind and behavior, psychologistsA)rely on the scientific method.B)use their intuition.C)rely on the study of internal medicine.D)use speculation.5)In which of the following scenarios is a scientific explanation being provided to explain aphenomenon?A)When asked if violent video games have an impact on players, Dr. Lee replies thatthere is substantial empirical evidence to suggest a change in the gamers' behavior.B)When asked if mood influences social behavior, Dr. Sessler replies that he believesthat it does.C)When asked if addiction is a disease or a choice, Dr. Smith replies that he knowsmany addicts and he feels that they have a disease.D)When asked if he can train his mind to not feel physical pain, Dr. Farnworth repliesthat he focuses on his breathing when he feels pain to increase his tolerance for it.6)Which of the following statements accurately describes the diverse subfields ofpsychology?A)They allow psychologists to explain different types of behavior using the sametechniques and experiments.B)Though they are individually separate and distinct, they all share a common goal ofunderstanding behavior.C)They always lead to an MD (doctor of medicine) degree.D)They are not related at all other than being considered a part of psychology.7)Dr. Alvarez is currently studying how the degeneration of certain components of nervecells in the brain leads to Lewy body disease. Dr. Alvarez's work is most likely to be a part of the________ subfield of psychology.

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Version 13A)evolutionaryB)developmentalC)industrial-organizationalD)behavioral neuroscience8)Which of the following is the focus of experimental psychology?A)exploring the relationship between psycho-logical factors and physical ailments ordiseaseB)investigating the relationship between people and their physical environmentC)studying the processes of sensing, perceiving, learning, and thinking about the worldD)analyzing how people grow and change from the moment of conception throughdeath9)Which of the following subfields of psychology matches with its description?A)Cognitive psychology examines the relationship between the nervous system andbehavior.B)Developmental psychology examines how people grow and change from conceptionthrough death.C)Experimental psychology explores the relationship between psycho-logical factorsand physical ailments or disease.D)Clinical psychology focuses on the consistency in people's behavior over time andthe traits that differentiate one per-son from another.10)Which of the following subfields of psychology is CORRECTLY matched with a sampletopic?

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Version 14A)behavioral neuroscience: the influence of chronic stress on physical healthB)developmental psychology: the effectiveness of drug therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorderC)cognitive psychology: the influence of an event on people's thinkingD)health psychology: the role that frustration plays in producing aggression11)Which of the following is true of cognitive psychology?A)It studies the inheritance of traits related to behavior.B)It stems from Charles Darwin's arguments in his book,On the Origin of Species.C)It is a subspecialty of experimental psychology.D)It includes subfields such as developmental and personality psychology.12)________ psychology focuses on higher mental processes, including thinking, memory,reasoning, problem solving, judging, decision making, and language.A)DevelopmentalB)PersonalityC)ClinicalD)Cognitive13)Why is the term experimental psychologist considered somewhat misleading?A)Psychologists in every subfield use the experimental method.B)The term is no longer in existence.C)Most psychological topics are not suited to experimental study.D)Experimental methods are only appropriate to the study of the biological bases ofbehavior.14)Which of the following is TRUE of evolutionary psychology?

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Version 15A)It has already led to promising new treatments for psychological disorders.B)It considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from ourancestors.C)It suggests that significant behaviors cannot be unfolded automatically as they arewired into the human species.D)It is one of the subspecialties of experimental psychology.15)Which of the following branches of psychology focuses on the consistency in people'sbehavior over time and the traits that differentiate one person from another?A)clinical psychologyB)personality psychologyC)cognitive psychologyD)evolutionary psychology16)Dr. Chen studies how people grow and change during late adolescence and youngadulthood. Dr. Doherty focuses on several traits that distinguish one person from another. Dr.Chen is a(n) ________; Dr. Doherty is a(n) ________.A)experimental psychologist; cognitive psychologistB)health psychologist; clinical psychologistC)developmental psychologist; personality psychologistD)clinical psychologist; counseling psychologist17)Dr. Ebrahim is involved in a study that tracks the changes in peer relationships amongadolescents between the ages 13 and 17. Dr. Ebrahim is a(n) ________ psychologist.A)cognitiveB)evolutionaryC)educationalD)developmental

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Version 1618)Matias, a five-year-old, has just started preschool. As a preschooler, he must get used tobeing away from his parents for a few hours and being around other children and adults. Hisparents feel that this change may be difficult for him. A psychologist studying Matias's case islikely to belong to the field ofA)clinical psychology.B)developmental psychology.C)health psychology.D)evolutionary psychology.19)Which of the following statements about health psychology is TRUE?A)Health psychologists seeks to understand how humans might inherit certain healthytraits and how the environment influences whether they display such traits.B)Health psychologists are interested in identifying ways to promote behavior thatbrings about good health.C)Health psychology concentrates on such diverse topics as human aggression, likingand loving, persuasion, and conformity.D)Health psychology stems from Charles Darwin's arguments in his groundbreaking1859 book,On the Origin of Species.20)During a discussion on the psychological aspects of suicide bombers, Dr. Gerami assertsthe role of strong authority figures in encouraging the actions of suicide bombers. However, Dr.Islington proposes the role of internal traits in suicide bombing. Which of the following BESTidentifies the subfields in which each of them specializes?A)Dr. Gerami: personality psychology; Dr. Islington: social psychologyB)Dr. Gerami: social psychology; Dr. Islington: cross-cultural psychologyC)Dr. Gerami: social psychology; Dr. Islington: personality psychologyD)Dr. Gerami: cross-cultural psychology; Dr. Islington: personality psychology

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Version 1721)Enterprise City has been hard hit by a recent economic downturn. Local psychologists areholding a public workshop to help the citizens cope with the adversity. Dr. Kurutz is outliningstrategies to help adults who have been laid off avoid overeating and the use of drugs or alcohol.Dr. Kurutz is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.A)experimentalB)cross-culturalC)socialD)health22)As a program manager, Jazmin is required to sit at her computer for long hours workingconstantly on similar projects. As a result, she has lost all motivation to perform better. Inaddition, she has developed a negative attitude toward her coworkers and has stoppedcontributing to team efforts. To help her become a better employee, Jazmin's manager is likely torefer her to a(n)A)cognitive psychologist.B)experimental psychologist.C)industrial psychologist.D)health psychologist.23)Fiona helps students with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) developeffective study regimens and strategies. Fiona is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.A)healthB)experimentalC)developmentalD)counseling24)Dr. Growe is reading about a research study in which psychologists investigated theeffect of group size on the conformity of group members. Dr. Growe is most likely reading thisin what type of psychology journal?

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Version 18A)developmentalB)socialC)counselingD)evolutionary25)Unlike clinical psychology, counseling psychologyA)involves diagnosing and treating problems that range from the crises of everyday lifeto more extreme conditions.B)unites the areas of neuroscience and clinical psychology.C)focuses specifically on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.D)builds on advances in the human understanding of the structure and chemistry of thebrain.26)Victor works in a university. According to his job description, he is required to helpstudents understand what kind of jobs they are suited for, identify the best learning practices, andresolve problems with their peers. Victor works as a ________ in the university.A)developmental psychologistB)personality psychologistC)social psychologistD)counseling psychologist27)Hugo is a college student. He is unable to cope with the workload and he does not getalong with his classmates. He goes to his teacher for advice. Hugo's teacher is likely to refer himto aA)health psychologist.B)counseling psychologist.C)personality psychologist.D)clinical psychologist.

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Version 1928)Which of the following is TRUE of social psychologists?A)They argue that our genetic inheritance determines not only physical traits butcertain personality traits and social behaviors as well.B)They are concerned with identifying ways to promote behavior that brings aboutgood health.C)They are also called developmental psychologists.D)They concentrate on diverse topics such as human aggression, liking and loving,persuasion, and conformity.29)________ psychologists concentrate on diverse topics such as human aggression, likingand loving, persuasion, and conformity.A)CounselingB)SocialC)EvolutionaryD)Clinical30)Arata's wife died in a car accident. He is unable to cope with the grief; as a result, heloses his appetite, is unable to sleep, cannot focus at work, and avoids his friends and family. Hisfamily together decides that he needs help. Arata's family is likely to refer him to a(n)A)behavioral geneticist.B)program evaluator.C)industrial/organizational psychologist.D)clinical psychologist.31)Which of the following is TRUE of evolutionary psychologists?

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Version 110A)They are interested in how behavior is influenced by genetic inheritance.B)They reject the notions of natural selection and survival of the fittest.C)They are proponents of the idea that introspection reveals the structure of the mind.D)They argue that psychological disorders are brought about by unconscious factors.32)One of the arguments presented in Charles Darwin's bookOn the Origin of SpeciesisthatA)it is possible to completely understand behavior by studying the environment inwhich individuals operate.B)psychological disorders rarely originate from biological factors.C)natural selection leads to the development of traits that enable a species to adapt to itsenvironment.D)people's environment has little effect on the traits they exhibit.33)In what way, if any, do evolutionary psychologists go beyond Darwin's arguments?A)They suggest that culture influences the nature of behavioral and mental processes.B)They argue that our genetic heritage influences our physical characteristics.C)They argue that our genetic inheritance determines aspects of our personality andsocial behavior.D)They do not go beyond Darwin's original arguments.34)Dr. Lin and Dr. Marino both study obesity. Dr. Lin relates the likelihood of obesity tolevels of the trait of neuroticism—the tendency to experience upsetting emotions. Dr. Marinorelates obesity to the frequency with which individuals eat alone, with family members, or in thepresence of larger groups of friends, acquaintances, or strangers. Which of the followingstatements is most likely TRUE regarding the subfields in which the researchers specialize?

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Version 111A)Dr. Marino is a social psychologist.B)Dr. Lin is a social psychologist.C)Dr. Marino is a personality psychologist.D)Dr. Lin is a behavioral psychologist.35)Central State University's Department of Psychology is considering expanding itsdoctoral program to include an additional specialty. The department wants to focus on a"growth" area likely to attract federal research funding as well as up-and-coming new faculty andbright, passionate graduate students. Which of the following specialties should the departmentconsider most closely?A)personality psychologyB)evolutionary psychologyC)perceptual psychologyD)cross-cultural psychology36)What is the most controversial aspect of the evolutionary psychology position?A)They hold the notion that our evolutionary heritage influences our physicalcharacteristics.B)They promote the idea that our evolutionary heritage might influence aspects of ourbehavioral and mental processes.C)Evolutionary psychologists downplay the influence of biological inheritance onthought and behavior.D)Evolutionary psychologists minimize the role of environmental and social forces.37)Which of the following is TRUE of behavioral genetics?

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Version 112A)It is one of the oldest subfields of psychology.B)It focuses on the biological mechanisms that enable inherited behavior to unfold.C)It suggests that natural selection leads to the development of traits that enable aspecies to adapt to its environment.D)It unites the areas of neuroscience and clinical psychology.38)Which of the following subfields of psychology matches with its description?A)Social psychology is a subfield of psychology that is concerned with the psychologyof the workplace.B)Behavioral genetics is a subfield of psychology that deals with the study, diagnosis,and treatment of psychological disorders.C)Clinical neuropsychology is a subfield of psychology that focuses on the biologicalorigin of psychological disorders.D)Industrial/organizational psychology is a subfield of psychology that focusesprimarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.39)Which of the following is TRUE of clinical neuropsychology?A)It considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from ourancestors.B)It builds on advances in the human understanding of the structure and chemistry ofthe brain.C)It stems from the notion of survival of the fittest.D)It focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.40)Assuming Dr. Hart is a clinical neuropsychologist, in which of the following is she likelyto be involved?

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Version 113A)investigating the relation between depressive disorders and the levels of theneurotransmitter serotonin in the brainB)studying violent dreams to understand the role of unconscious forces affecting anindividual's behaviorC)studying the effects of long-term stress on an individual's health and physiologyD)investigating the relationship between family communication patterns andpsychological disorders41)Clinical neuropsychologyA)focuses primarily on educational, social, and career adjustment problems.B)considers how behavior is influenced by our genetic inheritance from our ancestors.C)seeks to understand how we might inherit certain behavioral traits.D)focuses on the origin of psychological disorders in biological factors.42)Beatriz has just received her doctoral degree in psychology. All else being equal, inwhich of the following settings is she most likely to find employment?A)a college/universityB)the militaryC)a hospitalD)a large business corporation43)The local state university has opened a new center devoted to the study and treatment ofobesity, a major public health problem in the area. Dr. Nolan is researching the potential of adrug that influences the activity of hunger centers in the brain's hypothalamus. Dr. Ostermanattempts to uncover the unconscious conflicts that may spur compulsive eating. Which of thefollowing statements best describes the orientations of these two psychologists?

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Version 114A)Dr. Nolan is a clinical neuropsychologist; Dr. Osterman is a psychodynamicpsychologist.B)Dr. Nolan is a clinical neuropsychologist; Dr. Osterman is a counseling psychologist.C)Dr. Nolan is a social psychologist; Dr. Osterman is a humanistic psychologist.D)Dr. Nolan is a behavioral psychologist; Dr. Osterman is a psychodynamicpsychologist.44)In the context of the proportion of psychologists in the United States, which of thefollowing is a true statement?A)The numbers of minority individuals entering the field of psychology havesignificantly reduced in the last decade.B)Psychologists in the United States make up between 30 percent and 34 percent of theworld's psychologists.C)Women outnumber men in the field of psychology in the United States.D)The majority of psychologists in the United States are Hispanics and Asians.45)As a minority, Rwanda works as a clinical psychologist in Atlanta, Georgia. Given thecurrent situation in her field of psychology in the United States, which of the following scenariosis likely to hold true for Rwanda?A)Rwanda is outnumbered in her field by her male counterparts.B)Rwanda is among the 50 percent of all professionally active psychologists belongingto racial minority groups.C)Rwanda is likely to get more female patients belonging to the same ethnic group orrace as hers.D)Rwanda is likely to be paid more than her male counterparts.46)Which of the following statements concerning the representation of racial and ethnicminorities among American psychologists is TRUE?

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Version 115A)The number of minority members entering the field is about the same as it was 10years ago.B)The number of minority members entering the field is higher than it was 10 yearsago.C)The increase in the number of degrees awarded to minority members has outpacedthe growth of the minority population.D)The number of minority members entering the field has decreased over the years.47)How is the diversity of psychology limited in the United States?A)Racial and ethnic minorities are underrepresented among psychologists.B)The majority of psychologists are male.C)Psychologists in the United States far outnumber those in all other countriescombined.D)Most research is conducted outside the United States.48)Which of the following individuals is LEAST likely to be a psychologist?A)Dionne, who holds a PhD degreeB)Everett, who has an MD degreeC)Fallon, who graduated with a PsyD degreeD)Melinda, who has written a dissertation on drug abuse and is now teaching at auniversity49)Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the difference between PhDand thePsyD degrees?A)A PhDrequires more years of study than a PsyD.B)A PhD requires a dissertation based on an original investigation.C)Fewer people earn a PhDthan a PsyD.D)A PhD is obtained by psychologists who wish to focus exclusively on the treatmentof psychological disorders.

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Version 11650)Which of the following statements about psychiatrists is TRUE?A)They most often use treatments involving the prescription of drugs.B)They must submit a dissertation based on an original investigation to obtain a degree.C)They lack a medical degree.D)They have a PsyD, or doctor of psychology, as their highest degree.51)Callie works in the field of psychology. All else being equal, the chance of her highestdegree being a Master's degree isA)one-fifth.B)one-fourth.C)one-third.D)one-sixth.52)Kristen is a psychology major. Immediately following graduation, she will most likelyA)join the workforce.B)feel that her job is unrelated to her psychology background.C)continue to graduate school.D)remain unemployed.53)Psychology majors are highly valued by employers in business, industry, and thegovernment because psychology majorsA)are trained to be empathetic.B)provide counseling to their coworkers as and when required.C)can synthesize and evaluate information well.D)develop good intuitive skills.

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Version 11754)The most common employment sector for students graduating with a bachelor's degree inpsychology isA)education.B)business.C)the local government.D)social services.55)The field of phrenology is associated withA)Gall.B)Wundt.C)Descartes.D)Ebbinghaus.56)________ believed that children were born into the world with minds like "blank slates"and that their experiences determined what kind of adults they would become.A)LockeB)PlatoC)WundtD)Descartes57)The phrasetabula rasamay be translated asA)red tablet.B)raised table.C)new table.D)blank slate.58)The formal beginning of psychology is associated with

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Version 118A)Wundt.B)James.C)Descartes.D)Ebbinghaus.59)When Wilhelm Wundt established the first experimental laboratory devoted topsychological phenomena in 1879, his goal was toA)examine the function of the emotion of fear in preparing people to deal withemergency situations.B)study the structures of the mind and their relationship to conscious experience.C)unite the areas of neuroscience and clinical psychology.D)study how people consider individual elements together as units or wholes.60)Which of the following is a contribution of Wilhelm Wundt to the field of psychology?A)He initiated the functionalist movement.B)He established the psychodynamic perspective.C)He pioneered the approach of structuralism.D)He developed the gestalt psychology approach.61)The 150th anniversary of a historic event will be commemorated at the AmericanPsychological Association in the year 2029. Which of the following events is beingcommemorated?A)Wundt's operation of the first psychology laboratory, 1879B)Charles Darwin's publication of theOn the Origin of Species,1859C)G. S. Hall's founding of the American Psychological Association, 1892D)Pavlov's discovery of classical conditioning, 1904

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Version 11962)Dr. Leleux asserts that psychologists should attempt to identify the fundamental attributesof mental experience. Dr. Leleux appears most sympathetic to the ________ perspective inpsychology.A)functionalistB)prescriptiveC)structuralistD)humanistic63)Ricardo is a victim of domestic abuse. His therapist, Dr. Shania Johnson, tries to build hisconfidence and help him regain his trust in people. She wants Ricardo to realize his potential andto not let his past define him. She believes that Ricardo is already on the path to recoverybecause he sought help of his own free will. Dr. Shania Johnson is most likely a supporter of the________ perspective in the field of psychology.A)functionalistB)prescriptiveC)humanisticD)structuralist64)Seo-yeon is a psychologist. In one of her experiments, she shows her subjects an imageof an infant playing with a puppy and asks them to describe what they experienced when viewingthe image. In this scenario, Seo-yeon is attempting to understand how basic sensory processesshape an individual's understanding of the world using the method ofA)trephining.B)introspection.C)internal observation.D)information processing.65)Lassandra takes a sip of cola. "Sweet...cold, wet, tingly...slightly bitter," she reports.Lassandra is

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Version 120A)introspecting.B)demonstrating functionalism.C)defining umami.D)taking an intelligence test.66)Which of the following statements about structuralism is TRUE?A)It brought about the union of functionalism and Gestalt psychology.B)It involved the use of a method known as information processing.C)It was pioneered by German scientists Hermann Ebbinghaus and Max Wertheimer.D)It focused on uncovering the fundamental mental components, states, and activities.67)Which of the following was a disadvantage of introspection?A)Introspection was a complicated process.B)Introspection was time-consuming.C)Introspection was too simplistic.D)Introspection was not truly scientific.68)Which of the following statements is TRUE of the structuralist perspective ofpsychology?A)The structuralist perspective was supplanted by other views.B)The structuralist perspective triumphed over alternative ones.C)The structuralist perspective continues to coexist with other views in psychology.D)The structuralist perspective has waned somewhat, but it still remains influentialtoday.69)As a psychologist, Feng is interested in studying the effects of anxiety on an individual'sefforts to deal with a stressful situation. Which of the following perspectives does Fengadvocate?

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Version 121A)structuralismB)behavioral geneticsC)functionalismD)Gestalt psychology70)Which of the following statements about functionalism is TRUE?A)It was derived from the notion of survival of the fittest.B)It focused on the role behavior plays in allowing people to adapt to theirenvironments.C)It involved the use of introspection to understand the structure of the mind.D)It was first suggested by William Wundt in 1879.71)A time travel mishap lands you at one of the first psychology conferences ever held,sometime at the dawn of the 20th century. The graying older scientists slowly losing their grip onthe field are most likely ________, whereas the passionate young up-and-comers are probably________.A)structuralists; functionalistsB)functionalists; developmentalistsC)humanists; structuralistsD)humanists; functionalists72)In the context of the psychology of emotion, William James and John Dewey would bemost interested inA)the contribution of unconscious memories to one's emotional experience.B)the basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience.C)how behavior aids one's adaptation to the environment.D)the organization of perception and thinking in a "whole" sense.

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Version 12273)Which of the following movements was led by the psychologist William James?A)functionalismB)social psychologyC)structuralismD)Gestalt psychology74)According to ________, the human perception, or understanding, of objects is greater andmore meaningful than the individual elements that make up these perceptions.A)structuralismB)forensic psychologyC)functionalismD)Gestalt psychology75)The Gestalt psychologists made substantial contribution to our understanding ofA)memory.B)perception.C)emotion.D)motivation.76)Which of the following statements describes the basic idea of Gestalt psychology?A)It emphasizes the process of introspection.B)It emphasizes the process of natural selection.C)It emphasizes the unconscious determinants of behavior.D)It emphasizes the organization of perception.

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Version 12377)Donna-Lynn is preparing a visual display of psychology's early history. One panel isheaded "The Gay '90s." It portrays developments in the 1890s. Another panel is titled "TheRoaring '20s." It is devoted to the 1920s. Which theoretical perspectives in psychology shouldappear in each of these panels?A)Gay '90s: functionalism; Roaring '20s: Gestalt psychologyB)Gay '90s: behaviorism; Roaring '20s: structuralismC)Gay '90s: psychodynamic perspective; Roaring '20s: behaviorismD)Gay '90s: Gestalt psychology; Roaring '20s: structuralism78)Which of the following figures best approximates the number of major perspectives inpsychology?A)one or twoB)about fiveC)a dozen or soD)as many as there are psychologists79)Which of the following is TRUE of the neuroscience perspective of psychology?A)The neuroscience perspective has little appeal because every behavior ultimately canbe broken down into its biological components.B)Proponents of the neuroscience perspective rejected psychology's early emphasis onthe internal workings of the mind.C)The origins of the neuroscience perspective are linked to Sigmund Freud.D)The neuroscience perspective includes the study of heredity and evolution, whichconsiders how heredity may influence behavior.80)The neuroscience perspective

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Version 124A)suggests that all individuals naturally strive to grow, develop, and be in control oftheir lives and behavior.B)focuses on how people think, understand, and know about the world.C)considers how people and nonhumans function biologically.D)argues that behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which we havelittle awareness or control.81)Which of the following statements describes the behavioral perspective of psychology?A)It emphasizes that behavior is influenced by an individual's way of thinking aboutthe world.B)It emphasizes that every behavior ultimately can be broken down into its biologicalcomponents.C)It emphasizes that observable, external behavior, which can be objectively measured,should be the focus of study.D)It emphasizes that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which anindividual has little control.82)Noreen asserts that our behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about whichwe have little awareness or control. This viewpoint is most consistent with the ________perspective in psychology.A)psychodynamicB)humanisticC)cognitiveD)neuroscience83)To many people who have never taken a psychology course, psychology begins and endswith the ________ perspective.

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Version 125A)neuroscienceB)behavioralC)cognitiveD)psychodynamic84)Which of the following is an argument that proponents of the psychodynamic perspectiveare likely to present?A)Human thinking is similar to the workings of a computer, which takes in informationand transforms, stores, and retrieves it.B)Every behavior ultimately can be broken down into its biological components.C)Behavior is motivated by inner forces and conflicts about which an individual haslittle awareness or control.D)The focus of a psychological study should be on external behavior that can beobserved and measured objectively.85)Penny is a recovering drug addict. Her treatment program emphasizes the influence of herenvironment—"people, places, and things"—on her use of her drug of choice. Her programreflects the ________ perspective in psychology.A)psychodynamicB)behavioralC)cognitiveD)neuroscience86)Dr. Greenway argues that psychology should focus on observable, measurable behavior.Dr. Cech suggests that psychology should study how people think about and understand theworld. Which option below correctly identifies their perspectives?

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Version 126A)Dr. Greenway—behavioral perspective; Dr. Cech—cognitive perspectiveB)Dr. Greenway—cognitive perspective; Dr. Cech—behavioral perspectiveC)Dr. Greenway—behavioral perspective; Dr. Cech—humanistic perspectiveD)Dr. Greenway—psychodynamic perspective; Dr. Cech—humanistic perspective87)Which of the following psychologists is associated with the psychodynamic perspective?A)William JamesB)Sigmund FreudC)Karen HorneyD)Leta Stetter88)Which of the following is a contribution of the psychologist B. F. Skinner?A)He was the first psychologist to study the different aspects of child development.B)He was a pioneer in the field of behavioral perspective.C)He was the founder of the American Journal of Psychoanalysis.D)He was the first male president of the American Psychological Association.89)The cognitive perspective is said to have evolved in part from the ________ perspectivein early psychology and to represent a reaction to ________.A)structuralist; humanismB)structuralist; behaviorismC)humanist; behaviorismD)humanist; functionalism90)Driving to work one day, Owen suspects that drivers talking on their cell phones pay lessattention to the road than do other drivers. This hypothesis would most likely be tested by a________ psychologist.

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Version 127A)behavioralB)humanisticC)cognitiveD)psychodynamic91)Which of the following correctly describes the cognitive perspective of psychology?A)It has evolved in part from structuralism and in part as a reaction to behaviorism.B)It was championed by B. F. Skinner.C)It suggests that behavior is motivated by unconscious inner forces over which anindividual has little control.D)It provides a means to understand everyday phenomena such as prejudice andaggression.92)The humanistic perspective rejects the view that behavior reflects biological forces,unconscious processes, or the environment. In other words, it rejects the ________, ________,and ________ perspectives, respectively.A)cognitive; psychodynamic; behavioralB)neuroscience; cognitive; behavioralC)cognitive; psychodynamic; neuroscienceD)neuroscience; psychodynamic; behavioral93)The emphasis of the humanistic perspective is onA)free will.B)environmental determinism.C)natural selection.D)unconscious motives.

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Version 12894)Which of the following ideas stands in contrast to the notion that behavior is causedprimarily by choices that are made freely by the individual?A)naturismB)structuralismC)determinismD)functionalism95)Dr. Petrovic tries to help his clients see how their behavior reflects choices they havemade. He is most likely a ________ therapist.A)psychodynamicB)clinical neuroscienceC)humanisticD)Gestalt96)Recall Watson's quote: "Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my ownspecified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him tobecome any type of specialist I might select—doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and yes,even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocationsand race of his ancestors." If 1 = extreme nature and 10 = extreme nurture, where would youplace Watson on thenature vs. nurtureissue?A)1 or 2B)3 or 4C)5 or 6D)9 or 1097)Dr. Quinones studies the achievement motivation of junior high school students. Heasserts that such motivation mainly reflects the parenting and educational practices the studentshave experienced. This statement is most directly related to the ________ issue; Dr. Quinones'position is toward the ________ end of the continuum.

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Version 129A)nature vs. nurture;natureB)nature vs. nurture;nurtureC)observable behavior vs. internal mental processes; observable behaviorD)observable behavior vs. internal mental processes; internal mental processes98)Dr. Reynolds believes that depression reflects aspects of a patient's early relationshipwith her parents of which she may be completely unaware. Dr. Smith, by contrast, argues thatdepression stems from a patient's negative self-talk. The two psychologists appear to disagree onthe ________ issue.A)nature vs. nurtureB)conscious vs. unconscious causesC)free will vs. determinismD)structuralism vs. functionalism99)Which of the following is an argument presented by psychologists adhering to thebehavioral perspective of psychology?A)They contend that the only legitimate source of information for psychologists isbehavior that can be observed directly.B)They contend that psychological disorders are brought about by unconsciousbehaviors.C)They contend that behavioral disorders are largely the result of faulty thinkingprocesses.D)They contend that human behavior is influenced by genetics.100)Which of the following arguments is likely to be made by a proponent of the humanisticperspective of psychology?

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Version 130A)People make intentional choices and those who display so-called abnormal behaviorshould be considered responsible for their actions.B)Psy-chological disorders are brought about by unconscious factors.C)The only legitimate source of information for psychologists is behavior that can beobserved directly.D)It is possible to gain a complete understanding of behavior by studying theenvironment in which an individual operates.101)Emma is the sole earning member of her family. She wants to study further but is forcedto give up on her dreams to support her family. Which of the following ideas explains Emma'sbehavior?A)functionalismB)structuralismC)determinismD)factualism102)Individual differences are to universal principles as the ________ perspective is to the________ perspective.A)neuroscience; humanisticB)cognitive; behavioralC)humanistic; neuroscienceD)behavioral; cognitive103)Rob is a 16-year-old American student; Yoon-Sook is a 16-year-old Asian student. Roband Yoon-Sook, respectively, are likely to attribute academic success to ________ and________.

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