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The Impact of Social Determinants of Health Discus

Analyzes health disparities in Newark, NJ, highlighting how social determinants like income, education, and insurance access impact chronic illness, obesity, and cancer outcomes.

Alice Edwards
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Utilizing social determinants of health, the population of Newark, NJ faces certain healthdisparities due to the sociodemographic characteristics of the area. The limitations in economicstability, access to quality education, and the number of uninsured residents lacking access tohealthcare services when compared to the state of New Jersey as a whole play a role in thecreation of these inequities. According to the US Census Bureau (2023), 77% of the populationof Newark have an educational degree of high school or higher and only 17% have a bachelor'sdegree or higher. Due to lower education levels, as well as occupational and income limitationscoupled with the increased cost of living, an estimated 24% of the population in Newark lives inpoverty ("QuickFacts", 2023). Many jobs do not include coverage of benefits and with financialconstraints insurance and access can be difficult leading to 20% of the population under 65 yearsof age living in Newark being uninsured ("QuickFacts", 2023).Underprivileged populations with fewer incidences of learning opportunities and reducedfinancial freedom are armed with less information and restricted from accessing resourcesnecessary for attaining healthy living and lifestyle choices that improve disease prevention. Alack of information and understanding of what foods to eat, how much physical activity toengage in, and what habits are increasingly dangerous leads to a higher incidence of obesity andchronic illnesses such as hypertension and diabetes. Essex County has a higher incidence ofobesity (31.4%) than the state (27.9%) due to reduced physical activity and lack of a healthy diet("Essex County Public Health Profile Report", 2022). The risks of morbidity from chronicillnesses like hypertension and diabetes are greatly increased in the setting of obesity. Accordingto NJ SHAD (2022), an estimated 32% of the population of Essex County have hypertension,and 9.2% have diabetes, in comparison 29% of the state of New Jersey is diagnosed withhypertension, and the most recent estimate of 8.5% with diabetes. Without medical insurance andaccess to primary care, important preventative care, screenings, and opportunities for healthpromotion are missed by those living in Newark and Essex County. Because of a lack of annualscreenings for chronic and potentially fatal illnesses, cancer rates, and late-stage cancer rates arehigher in this area than in most of the rest of New Jersey. According to The National CancerInstitute's State Cancer Profiles (2024), there are around 209 diagnoses of breast cancer annuallywith 33% late stage, and 103 diagnoses of colon or rectum cancer with 69% late stage. Withproper surveillance, these numbers could be greatly reduced, but this requires access.Invest in education, due to government funding restrictions on schools and slashingsalaries for teachers there are few resources for educators to help students who require extraattention, with a "teach to the test" attitude and aptitude tests frequently used as a benchmark forwhether or not an educator is succeeding in their position, many students who fall behind do notget the extra time and assistance they need to learn in a way that they can understand and thathelps them grow. Community programs for tutoring and after-school assistance would be helpfulso that those children who need extra time, attention, and resources have a place to go and peoplewilling to help them find the best way to achieve success. Including instruction related to generalhealth and wellbeing, nutrition, being physically active, and teaching about primary, secondary,and tertiary prevention will prepare the younger population to start making lifestyle choices earlythat promote wellness and increase disease prevention. Armed with knowledge about nutritiousfood choices, limiting sodium and sugars, consistent physical activity, and avoiding things likealcohol and tobacco, disease prevalence of diabetes and hypertension can be reduced.
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Healthcare

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