01: Introduction to Nursing Research and Evidence - Based Practice Chapter 01: Introduction to Nursing Research and Evidence-Based Practice Grove: Understanding Nursing Research, 6th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Which best describes evidence-based-practice (EBP)? a. A combination of best research evidence, clinical expertise, and the needs and values of patients. b. A determination of the factors necessary to control patient responses to care. c. The development of population care guidelines applicable to all patients. d. The utilization of quantitative and qualitative studies to enhance patient outcomes. ANS: A Feedback A Evidence - based practice evolves from the integration of the best research evidence with clinical expertise patient needs and values. B Studies that attempt to find determinants of patient outcomes are generally experimental or quasi - experim They may be used to guide EBP but do not completely define it. C EBP is a combination of guidelines and specific patient needs and v alues. D Quantitative and qualitative studies applied to the evaluation of patient outcomes are part of EBP but do n completely define EBP. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: p. 3 2. The nurse is collecting data about the sleep patterns of breastfed babies as part of a larger research study. Which research method will the nurse use when collecting data for this study? a. Control b. Description c. Explanation d. Prediction ANS: B Feedback A Control can be described as the ability to write a prescription to produce the desired outcome. B Description involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and the relationships these phenomena. C Explanation clarifies the relationships among phenomena an d identifies why certain events occur. D Through prediction, the probability of a specific outcome can be estimated in a given situation. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: p. 6 3. The nurse is participating in a study and is collecting data identifying the number of obese adults whose parents were also obese or overweight. Which research method is being used in this study? a. Control b. Description c. Explanation d. Prediction ANS: D Feedback A Control indicates the ability to use a prescribed intervention to produce a desired outcome. B Description involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and the relationships these phenomena. C Explanation clarifies the relationships among pheno mena and identifies why certain events occur. D Through prediction the probability of a specific outcome can be estimated in a given situation. By knowin percentage of parents of obese adults who were obese, the probability of predicting this may be calculated PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application) REF: pp. 7-8 4. The nurse reviews a study in which adherence to an asthma action plan is compared among groups of adolescents who received different asthma education. Which research method does this represent? a. Control b. Description c. Explanation d. Prediction ANS: C Feedback A Control indicates the ability to use a prescribed intervention to produce a desired outcome. B Description involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and the relationships these phenomena. C Explanation clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies why certain events occur. D Through prediction, the p robability of a specific outcome can be estimated in a given situation. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application) REF: p. 7 5. A nurse manager is interested in learning which attitudes among staff nurses may indicate relative risk of needle-stick injuries. To study this, the nurse manager will employ which method of study? a. Control b. Description c. Explanation d. Prediction ANS: D Feedback A Control indicates the ability to use a prescribed intervention to produce a desired outcome. B Explanation clarifies the relationships among phenomena and identifies why certain events occur. C Description involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and the relationships these phenomena. D Through prediction, the p robability of a specific outcome can be estimated in a given situation. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application) REF: pp. 7-8 6. Which is the most important result of Florence Nightingale’s data collection and statistical analysis during the Crimean War? a. Bringing awareness of the rigors of war to the general public. b. Developing a process for statistical analysis and nursing documentation. c. Identifying and defining the role of nurses in modern health care. d. Using clinical research to evaluate the importance of sanitation, clean drinking water, and adequate nutriti ANS: D Feedback A This was not the most important result B This was not the most important result C This was not the most important result D Nightingale’s research enabled her to instigate attitudinal, organizational, and social changes, including th military’s approach to the care of the sick and society’s sense of responsibility for testing public water, im sanitation, and preventing starvation to decrease morbidity and mortality rates. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: p. 11 7. The nurse participates in data collection in a study in which two different pain management protocols are used with randomly assigned patients to measure differences in postoperative recovery time. Which method of study is this? a. Control b. Correlation c. Description d. Explanation ANS: A Feedback A Control indicates the ability to use a prescribed intervention to produce a desired outcome. B Correlation examines the relationships between different phenomena. C Description involves identifying and understanding the nature of nursing phenomena and the relationships these phenomena. D Explanation clarifies the relationships am ong phenomena and identifies why certain events occur. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application) REF: p. 8 8. The development of nursing theories and conceptual models in the late 1960s and 1970s served to: a. determine the effectiveness of nursing interventions. b. establish the concept of evidence - based practice. c. provide funding for nursing research. d. provide direction for nursing research. ANS: D Feedback A Outcome studies are used to determine the effectiveness of nursing interventions. B The concept of EBP was developed in the 1970s and promoted by the ANCC Magnet Designation progra C The NINR seeks to provide funding for nursing research. D The theories developed in the 1960s and 1970s helped to direct future nursing research. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: pp. 11-12 9. Under Ada Sue Hinshaw, the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) began to change its focus to: a. funding nursing rather than medical research. b. evaluating outcomes rather than process studies. c. increasing the status and funding for nursing research. d. supporting the dissemination of nursing research. ANS: C Feedback A The change in focus from medical to nursing research came about with the first nursing programs. Special nursing organizations today and some nursing researchers still conduct medical research for specific studi B Outcomes research emerged in the 1980s and 1990s to document the effectiveness of health care services. C Under Ad a Sue Hinshaw, the national Center for Nursing Research (NCNR) changed its name to the NINR increase the status and funding of nursing research. D The NCNR’s purpose was to support the dissemination of nursing research. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: pp. 12-13 10. An emphasis of the American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) Magnet Hospital Designation Program for Excellence in Nursing is: a. research and development of clinical practice guidelines. b. putting qualitative research into practice in clinical settings. c. using standard nursing care plans based on outcomes research. d. utilizing evidence - based practice in nursing. ANS: D Feedback A Clinical practice guidelines are a more recent phenomenon, using evidence - based research, expert opinion patient needs and values to standardize care. B Qualitative research was introduced in the late 1970s to gain insight into the phenomena related to nursing C Outcomes research was important in the 1980s to 19 90s to document the effectiveness of health care servi D ANCC implemented the Magnet Hospital Designation Program for Excellence in Nursing Service in 1990 emphasized EBP for nursing. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: pp. 12-13 11. In a position statement in 2006, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) identified a need to: a. acquire clinical knowledge and expertise. b. focus on evidence - based practice. c. fund academic nursing research. d. prepare a workforce of nurse scientists. ANS: D Feedback A Basic nursing education focuses on clinical knowledge and expertise. B Evidence - based practice is a focus of ANCC and the Magnet Designation Program for Excellence in Nurs Service. C The NINR focuses on funding for nursing research. D The AACN identified the importance of creating a research culture, providing high - quality educational pro to prepare a workforce of nurse scientists, develop a sound research structure, and obtain funding for nursi research. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: p. 14 12. The lead agency designated to improve health care quality is: a. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). b. American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC). c. Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN). d. National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR). ANS: A Feedback A AHRQ is a scientific partner with the public and private sectors to improve the quality and safety of patien B ANCC provides credentialing for advanced practice nurses and for Magnet Designation for Excellence in Service C QSEN is focused on developing the requisite skills, knowledge, and attitude statements for the competenc prelicensure and graduate education. D The National Institute of Nursing Research, originally the National Center for Nursing Research, is a fede funded arm of the National Institutes of Health, providing nursing with federal support for nursing researc priorities. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: pp. 12-13 13. To help fulfill the mission of the National Institute for Nursing Research — to promote and improve the health of individuals, families, communities, and populations — a study may be conducted which: a. assesses the effectiveness of strategies for weight management in patients with type 2 diabetes. b. compares the attitudes of nurses toward clients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. c. generates up - to - date nursing diagnoses reflecting the needs of clie nts with type 2 diabetes. d. reviews hospital nurses’ adherence to glucose - monitoring guidelines for patients with type 2 diabetes. ANS: A Feedback A A study that assesses the effectiveness of interventions helps to improve the health of patient populations identifying appropriate strategies. B A comparison of attitudes is a descriptive study that does not improve outcomes. C A study to generate nursing diagnoses does not directly affect patient outcomes. D A study reviewing adherence to gui delines seeks to provide data for quality assurance. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application) REF: pp. 14-15 14. Which best describes the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) competency for evidence-based practice (EBP)? a. Adhering to published guidelines to provide care for a specific population. b. Empowering clients to choose among effective disease management strategies. c. Relying on expert knowledge to guide care plan development for an individual patient. d. Using evidence gained solely from experimental studies to guide care. ANS: B Feedback A Strict adherence to guidelines does not take the patient/family preferences into account. B The QSEN competency for EBP is defined as integrating the best evidence with clinical expertise and patient/family preferences. C EBP does not rely solely on expert knowledge or experimental studies. D Although experimental studies provide the highest level of study data, EBP does not rely soley on experie studies.. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application) REF: p. 15 15. Through knowledge gained from her phenomenological qualitative study identifying levels of experience of professional nurses, Patricia Benner would identify which nurse as an expert? a. A hosp ice nurse who values the unique wishes of each patient when providing palliative care. b. A medical - surgical nurse who organizes care for a group of patients to ensure timely administration of medications. c. A neonatal intensive care nurse who is skille d in inserting peripherally inserted central catheters. d. A pediatric nurse who notes subtle changes and intervenes to prevent respiratory failure. ANS: D Feedback A The proficient nurse views the patient as a whole and recognizes that each patient responds differently to i and health. B The competent nurse is able to achieve goals and plans and to take conscious actions to organize and prov efficient care. C The NIC nurse is also an example of a competent nurse who is skilled in a procedu re. D The expert nurse has an extensive background of experience and is able to identify and accurately interven skillfully in a situation. The pediatric nurse in this case recognizes subtle changes and is able to act to prev serious circumstances. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis) REF: p. 17 16. Which study exemplifies qualitative research? a. A study that evaluates appetite among residents of a long - term care facility and correlates this data with w or not residents are rooming t ogether with their spouses. b. A study that defines levels of appetite based on residents’ descriptions of hunger in a long - term care facili c. A study that observes the interactions of spouses during mealtimes in a long - term care facility. d. A study that observes the effectiveness of spousal encouragement to eat on the residents’ quality of appeti long - term care facility. ANS: C Feedback A Correlational studies are quantitative studies. B A descriptive study that measures appetite is a quantitative study. C Qualitative research involves the study of people as they interact in their sociohistorical settings. D A measure of the effectiveness of an intervention is a quasi - experimental quantitative study. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis) REF: p. 19 17. A nurse researcher wants to know how well adolescent mothers can learn to manage their children’s asthma and develops an initial study to explore and define perceptions of asthma among this population. Which best describes this initial study? a. Correlational research b. Descriptive research c. Phenomenological research d. Outcomes research ANS: B Feedback A Correlational research would attempt to make a connection between perceptions of asthma and a specific o B Descriptive research explores new areas of research and describes situations as they exist in the world. Th study aims to describe current perceptions of asthma in a given population. C Phenomenological research involves gaining deep er insights into perceptions and values, not simply descr them. D Qualitative research does not attempt to define variables. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis) REF: p. 20 18. Which research technique would be used by a nurse researcher who wishes to compare bonding patterns of neonatal intensive care (NIC) infants to non-NIC infants to test various theories about infant-parent bonding? a. Experimental b. Exploratory c. Grounded - theory d. Quasi - experimental ANS: C Feedback A Experimental and quasi - experimental techniques determine the effectiveness of particular outcomes. B Exploratory research is performed to describe a problem or issue. C Grounded - theory research is performed to formulate, test, and refine a theory about a particular phenomen D Phenomenological research involves gaining deeper insights into perceptions and values. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application) REF: p. 21 19. What type of study design would be used to evaluate patient satisfaction in an outpatient clinic? a. Exploratory - descriptive research b. Outcomes research c. Qualitative research d. Phenomenological research ANS: B Feedback A Exploratory - descriptive research is performed to address an issue or problems by describing the problem i B Outcomes research is designed to evaluate patient responses to interventions as well as satisfaction with ca C Qualitative research is observational and involves describing patients in a particular setting. D Phenomenological res earch involves gaining deeper insights into perceptions and values. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: p. 21 20. The nurse researcher wishes to review a body of qualitative studies about women’s attitudes toward health care in order to develop an overall interpretation of these findings. Which type of review will the nurse researcher use? a. Meta - analysis b. Meta - synthesis c. Mixed - methods systematic review d. Systematic review ANS: B Feedback A Meta - analyses are used to evaluate quantitative studies. B A meta - synthesis is used to evaluate qualitative studies. C A mixed methods systematic review is used to evaluate a variety of study designs. D A systematic review is a structured, comprehensive synthesis of the research literature to determine the be research evidence available to address a health care question. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application) REF: p. 23 21. Which type of evaluation of research yields the most precise estimates of treatment effects when describing results? a. Meta - analysis b. Meta - synthesis c. Mixed - methods systematic review d. Systematic review ANS: A Feedback A A meta - analysis is conducted to statistically combine or pool the results from previous quantitative studies single statistical analysis that provides one of the highest levels of evidence about an intervention’s effecti B Meta - synthesis is defined as the systematic compiling and integration of qualitative study results to expan understanding and develop a unique interpretation of study findings in a selected area. C Mixed - methods systematic reviews might include a variety of study designs, such as qualitative research a quasi - experimental, correlational, and/or descriptive studies. D A systematic rev iew is a structured, comprehensive synthesis of the research literature to determine the be research evidence available to address a health care question. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: p. 22 22. The nurse serves on a committee to develop a clinical protocol to guide dressing changes for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) abscesses. Which is the most important type of evidence to consider when formulating this protocol? a. Assertions from a panel of infectious disease physicians about existing protocols to treat this organism. b. A statistical review of experimental studies comparing various dressing change protocols and patient outc c. A systematic review of all nursing and medical literature about the incidence of MRSA infection and vario dressing change protocols. d. Studies identifying the correlations between variables such as dressing types and subsequent infection rate ANS: B Feedback A Expert panel opinions are useful, but do not provide statistically significant evidence about interventions a results. B A statistical review of experimental studies is a meta - analysis and is the strongest level of evidence. C A literature review is an initial step in developing a protocol or de signing a study. D Correlational studies are not as powerful as experimental studies. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis) REF: p. 22 |p. 24 23. What role will a new nurse graduate who has a BSN expect to play in research? a. Appraising studies and implementing evidence - based guidelines and protocols. b. Developing, evaluating, and revising evidence - based guidelines and protocols. c. None, since the BSN affords limited education on the research process. d. Synthesizing findings and leading health care teams to make evidence - based changes. ANS: A Feedback A The BSN prepares nurses to read and critically appraise research studies and to assist with implementation evidence - based guidelines and protocols. B Nurses with a Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) may revise or develop protocols and identify and critic appraise the quality of evidence - based studies. C Nurses with a MSN are provided the educational preparation to critically appraise and synthesize findings studies to revis e or develop protocols, algorithms, or policies for use in practice (see Figure 1 - 4). They als the ability to identify and critically appraise the quality of evidence - based guidelines developed by nationa organizations. D Advanced practice nurses a nd nurse administrators have the ability to lead health care teams in making ess changes in nursing practice and in the health care system based on current research evidence. DPNs may l health care teams to make evidence - based changes in practice. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: pp. 25-26 24. A job description for a nurse position in a teaching hospital includes “coordinating research teams to facilitate studies to generate knowledge about nursing actions.” Which type of advanced nursing degree would be required for this position? a. Doctorate of Nursing Practice (DNP) b. Doctorate in Nursing (PhD) c. Master of Science in Nursing (MSN) d. Post - Doctorate in Nursing ANS: B Feedback A DNP - prepared nurses translate nursing research into practice. B PhD - prepared nurses can critique, implement, plan, and develop new or revised guidelines, as well as gene replicate knowledge via conduction of research. C MSN - prepared nurses identify problems requirin g research and may conduct studies, but usually in collab with other nurse scientists. D The difference between PhD and post - PhD is unclear — in this situation you are one and the same PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application) REF: pp. 25-26 MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Which are components of Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)? (Choose all that apply.) a. Best research evidence b. Expert opinion consensus c. Patient needs and values d. Safe, cost - effective care ANS: A, C, D Feedback Correct Best research evidence is used to formulate EBP. Patient needs and values are used to develop EBP. Safe, cost - effective care is a component of EBP. Incorrect Expert opinion consensus is not a part of EBP. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: pp. 27-28 2. A nurse with a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) is prepared to do which of the following? (Choose all that apply.) a. Appraise and summarize research findings b. Assist with the implementation of evidence - based guidelines c. Conduct independent nursing studies d. Expand the body of nursing knowledge through independent research ANS: A, B Feedback Correct The BSN - prepared nurse is capable of appraising and summarizing research findings. The BSN - prepared nurse assists with the implementation of evidence - based guidelines. Incorrect The BSN - prepared nurse does not conduct independent nursing studies. The BSN - prepared nurse does not expand the body of nursing knowledge through independent re PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: pp. 25-26 3. Which of the following is a research question for an experimental study? (Choose all that apply.) a. What is it like to live with asthma? b. Do children who have an updated asthma action plan have fewer missed school days caused by asthma? c. Which asthma triggers influence poor attitudes about chronic disease? d. Which bronchodilator medication has fewer side effects? ANS: B, D Feedback Correct Determining which interventions reduce asthma sick days is a controlled, quantitative, experimen design. A study about the effects of a medication is an experimental study. Incorrect Asking what it is like to live with asthma will generate qualitative data. A study determining relationships between asthma triggers and attitudes about disease is a correla study. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis) REF:p. 19| pp. 27-28 02: Introduction to the Quantitative Research Chapter 02: Introduction to the Quantitative Research Grove: Understanding Nursing Research, 6th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A researcher conducts a study which outlines the daily habits of women who are overweight. This study represents what type of research? a. Correlational b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Quasi - experimental ANS: B Feedback A Correlational research investigates the relationship between or among variables. B Descriptive research is the exploration of phenomena in real - life situations. C Experimental research is an objective, systematic, highly controlled investigation for the purpose of predic controlling phenomena. D The purpose of quasi - experimental research is to examine causal relationships or determine the effect of variable on another. Thus, these studies involve implem enting a treatment or intervention and examining t effects of this intervention using selected methods of measurement. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application) REF: pp. 32-33 2. The researcher wants to learn whether there is a relationship between parental education and emergency room use among children who have asthma. Which type of research study will this researcher use? a. Basic b. Correlational c. Historical d. Phenomenological ANS: B Feedback A Basic research is scientific investigation that involves the pursuit of “knowledge for knowledge’s sake.” B Correlational research investigates the relationship between or among variables. C Historical research is a type of qualitative research. D Phenomenological research is a typ e of qualitative research. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application) REF: pp. 32-33 3. The nurse evaluates a research study that examines the relationship between computer and television screen time and obesity. A correlational analysis reveals a correlation of +0.95. What can the nurse conclude about the relationship between these two variables? a. An increase in screen time causes obesity. b. An increase in obesity leads to increased screen time. c. Screen time and obesity vary in opposite directions. d. Screen time and obesity vary together. ANS: D Feedback A Variables that vary in opposite directions will have a negative correlation. B Descriptive research is the exploration of phenomena in real - life situations. C Correlational studies do not indicate cause, so an increase in screen time or an increase in obesity does not or lead to an increase in the other. D A positive correlation between variables indicates that the variables vary together. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis) REF: pp. 33-34 4. In which type of research does the researcher seek to examine causal relationships among variables without being able to manipulate the variables? a. Descriptive b. Correlational c. Experimental d. Quasi - experimental ANS: D Feedback A Descriptive research is the exploration of phenomena in real - life situations. B Correlational research investigates the relationship between or among variables but does not attribute caus C Experimental design is considered the most powerful quantitative design because of the rigorous control o variables. D Quasi - experimental studies have less control than experimental studies, but they do exhibit some degree o control. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: p. 34 5. The nurse participates in data collection for a clinical drug trial in which subjects are randomly assigned to either a treatment or a placebo group to measure the effects of the drug on a specific outcome. This is which type of study? a. Correlational b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Quasi - experimental ANS: C Feedback A Correlational research investigates the relationship between or among variables but does not attribute caus B Descriptive research is the exploration of phenomena in real - life situations. C Experimental design involves control of variables and random assignment of subjects so that effects of va on specific outcomes can be measured. D Quasi - experimental studies have less control than experimental studies, but they do exhibit some degree o control. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application) REF: p. 34 6. A researcher studies the effect of asthma action plans on frequency of emergency department visits for asthma-related symptoms. The study would be described as: a. applied research. b. basic research. c. descriptive research. d. phenomenological research. ANS: A Feedback A Applied research involves research that is directly applicable to clinical practice. B Basic research is scientific investigation that involves the pursuit of “knowledge for knowledge’s sake.” C Descriptive research is the exploration of phenomena in real - life situations. D Phenomenological research would not investigate this type of research qu estion. Phenomenological resear “what is the lived experience of the person in this situation?” PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application) REF: p. 35 7. Basic research seeks to: a. directly influence clinical practice. b. generate knowledge for knowledge’s sake. c. predict or control outcomes of variables. d. validate or test theoretical frameworks. ANS: B Feedback A Applied research is used to solve problems, make decisions, or predict or control outcomes in real - life pra situations. B Basic research is more likely to be found in a laboratory setting and generates knowledge for knowledge’s may be used as the foundation for other research. C Experimental research is conducted in order to be able to predict or cont rol outcomes D Grounded theory research is used to validate theoretical frameworks. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis) REF: pp. 35-36 8. When developing a study, a researcher establishes rules for measurement of independent and dependent variables in order to minimize the possibility of error. This is an example of: a. control. b. manipulation. c. precision. d. rigor. ANS: A Feedback A Control involves the imposing of rules by the researcher to decrease the possibility of error and thus increa probability that the study’s findings are an accurate reflection of reality. B Manipulation is when the researcher makes changes in the treatment received by the subjects. C Precision encompasses accuracy, detail, and order and is evide nt in the concise statement of the research p D Rigor is the discipline, attention to detail, and precision necessary when striving for excellence in research PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: pp. 36-37 9. In which type of research study does the researcher have the most control? a. Correlational b. Descriptive c. Experimental d. Quasi - experimental ANS: C Feedback A Correlational research investigates the relationship between or among variables but does not attribute caus B Descriptive research is the exploration of phenomena in real - life situations. C Experimental design involves control of variables and random assignment of subjects so that effects of va on specific outcomes can be measured. D Quasi - experimental studies have less control than experimental studies, but they do exhibit some degree o control. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis) REF:p. 34| pp. 36-37 10. A researcher designs a study to evaluate stress and anxiety associated with breastfeeding in which data collection takes place in the homes of mothers with premature newborns after discharge home from the NIC. This would be an example of which type of research setting? a. Highly controlled, field b. Highly controlled, laboratory c. Natural, field d. Partially controlled, laboratory ANS: C Feedback A There are three common settings for conducting research: natural, partially controlled, and highly controll highly - controlled setting would involve experimental control of an independent variable, which this study do. B This is a field study, with data collection occurring in patients’ homes and not in a laboratory. C The setting describes where the research and data collection occur. A nat ural setting, or field setting, is an uncontrolled, real - life situation or environment, such as the home. In a natural setting, there is relatively li control over the setting and the variables associated with the setting. D There are three common set tings for conducting research: natural, partially controlled, and highly controll natural setting, or field setting, is an uncontrolled, real - life situation or environment. This is a field study, data collection occurring in patients’ homes and n ot in a laboratory PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Applying (Application) REF: pp. 36-37 11. When conducting a research study using a convenience sample of all first grade students from two classrooms in a nearby school, the nurse researcher may increase the sample control by: a. assigning one classroom to the experimental group and the other classroom to the control group. b. exposing all subjects to the treatment variable and then comparing the outcome data to pretreatment data. c. randomly assigning students from both classrooms to either the experimental group or the control group. d. using all of these subjects as treatment subjects and comparing outcomes to a group of subjects from a sim study. ANS: C Feedback A Assigning one classroom to one group and the other classroom to the other group is less effective than ran sampling. B Pre - and post - treatment comparison may be used when random assignment is not possible. C Randomly assigning subjects to either a treatment group or a control group improves sample control and d bias. Even when convenience sampling is used, subjects may be randomly assigned to groups. D Comparing a treatment group to a group in another study does not control the treatment variables because variations between two studies. PTS:1DIF:Cognitive level: Analyzing (Analysis) REF: p. 37 12. A nurse is assisting with data collection for a study measuring the effects of a sleep aid medication on oxygen saturations. Subjects will sleep in a darkened room in a sleep lab while participating. Which type of research setting is this? a. Field b. Highly controlled c. Natural d. Partially controlled ANS: B