AQA GCSE PE - Section 2 - Movement analysis
A lever is a solid, rigid bar (like a bone) that turns around a fixed point called a fulcrum when a force is applied. In the body, levers help us move by allowing muscles to apply force to bones, creating movement at joints.
What is a lever ?
a solid bar that moves around a fixed point when force is applied to it
Key Terms
What is a lever ?
a solid bar that moves around a fixed point when force is applied to it
What are the 3 components to a lever ?
Fulcrum - (pivot) where the movement occurs usually a joint
Effort - (force) where the force is applied to one part of the effort
Load ...
What is the 1st class and an example ?
Load - Fulcrum - Effort
head - joint between cranium & vertebra - back muscles
e.g. neck extension (heading in football)
What is the 2nd class and an example ?
Fulcrum - Load - Effort
toe joint - body weight - gastrocnemius
e.g. plantar / dorsi flexion (standing on toes to jump)
What is the 3rd class and an example ?
Load - Effort - Fulcrum
weight of hand + weight - force of bicep - elbow joint
e.g. elbow flexion (lifting a weight)
How do you calculate Mechanical Advantage ?
mechanical advantage = effort arm / weight arm
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What is a lever ? | a solid bar that moves around a fixed point when force is applied to it |
What are the 3 components to a lever ? | Fulcrum - (pivot) where the movement occurs usually a joint Effort - (force) where the force is applied to one part of the effort Load - (resistance) is at the other end working against the force of the effort |
What is the 1st class and an example ? | Load - Fulcrum - Effort head - joint between cranium & vertebra - back muscles e.g. neck extension (heading in football) |
What is the 2nd class and an example ? | Fulcrum - Load - Effort toe joint - body weight - gastrocnemius e.g. plantar / dorsi flexion (standing on toes to jump) |
What is the 3rd class and an example ? | Load - Effort - Fulcrum weight of hand + weight - force of bicep - elbow joint e.g. elbow flexion (lifting a weight) |
How do you calculate Mechanical Advantage ? | mechanical advantage = effort arm / weight arm |
When does a first class lever have a mechanical advantage ? | if the fulcrum is closer to the load than the effort |
Second class levers always have a mechanical advantage, why ? | the effort arm is always longer than the weight arm |
Third class levers always have a mechanical disadvantage, why ? | the effort arm is always shorter than the weight arm |
When does a first class lever have a mechanical disadvantage ? | if the fulcrum is closer to the effort than the load |
What is a mechanical advantage ? | when a lever can move a large load with a small effort from the muscle |
What is a mechanical disadvantage ? | a large effort from the muscles to move a small load |
Where does movement happen ? | planes |
What are the 3 planes ? | sagittal - divides the body into left and right transverse - divides the body into top and bottom frontal - divides the body’s front and back |
What does movement happen around ? | axes |
What are the 3 types of axis ? | sagittal - runs through the body from front to back longitudinal - runs through the body from top to bottom transverse - runs through the body from left to right |
What type of plane and axis does flexion / extension use ? | sagittal and transverse e.g. tuck and pike somersaults, running, forward roll |
What type of plane and axis does abduction / adduction use ? | frontal and sagittal e.g. cartwheel |
What type of plane and axis does rotation use ? | transverse and longitudinal e.g. ice skating spin , discus throw rotation |