NURS 611 EXAM 2 PATHO2023-2024 (MARYVILLE UNIVERSITY)
ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 100 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY
GRADED A+
1. Review: the parasympathetic system is all about what?
Conserving energy, digesting, metabolism, and rest
2. The sympathetic nervous system primarily serves to protect an individual by doing which
of the following? (select all that apply)
A. Decreasing mucous production
B. Increasing blood sugar levels
C. Increasing body temperature
D. Decreasing sweat excretion
E. Increasing blood pressure
Increases blood sugar levels, increases body temperature, and increases blood pressure
In general, sympathetic stimulation promotes responses that are concerned with the
protection of the individual, which include increasing glucose, body temp, and BP.
3. Review: the sympathetic system is all about what?
It’s all about mobilizing energy stores, for instance glucose to muscles, decreased
release of insulin, redirects blood supply from the gut to the muscles, heart, and lungs.
4. Which characteristic is the most critical index of nervous system dysfunction?
Level of consciousness
LOC is the most critical clinical index of nervous system function or dysfunction. An
alteration in consciousness indicates either improvement or deterioration of a person’s
condition.
5. Thought and goal-oriented behaviors are functions of which area of the brain?
Prefrontal lobe
The prefrontal area is responsible for goal-oriented behavior such as the ability to
concentrate, short-term or recall memory, and the elaboration of thought and inhibition
on the limbic (emotional) areas of the CNS.
6. Where is the region responsible for the motor aspects?
Broca area in the frontal lobe
Broca speech area is the only region responsible for the motor aspects of speech.
7. Parkinson and Huntington diseases are associated with defects in which area of the
brain?

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8. Maintenance of a constant internal environment and the implementation of behavioral
patterns are main functions of which area of the brain?
Hypothalamus
Hypothalamic function falls into 2 major areas: 1) maintenance of a constant internal
environment, and 2) implementation of behavioral patterns.
9. What parts of the brain mediate the expression of affect, both emotional and behavioral
states?
Limbic system and prefrontal cortex
10. Reflex activities concerned with heart rate, blood pressure, respirations, sneezing,
swallowing, and coughing are controlled by which area of the brain?
Medulla oblongata
The medulla oblongata makes up the myelencephalon and is the lowest portion of the
brainstem.
11. Which area of the brain assumes the responsibility for conscious and unconscious
muscle synergy and for maintaining balance and posture?
Cerebellum
12. The brain receives approximately what percentage of the cardiac output?
20% or 800 to 1000 ml of blood flow per minute
13. What evidence does the nurse expect to see when a patient experiences trauma to the
hypothalamus? (select all that apply)
A. Uneven expression of mood
B. Unstable blood glucose levels
C. Poor regulation of body temperature
D. Visual disturbances such as blurred vision
E. N/V and symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease
Uneven expression of mood, unstable blood glucose levels, and poor temp regulation
The hypothalamus forms the base of the diencephalon. Hypothalamic function controls
autonomic nervous system function, regulation of body temp, endocrine function
(glucose levels), and regulation of emotional expression.
14. What is the first defense of our bodies?
Skin and mucous membranes

15. Which action is the purpose of the inflammatory process?
To prevent infection of the injured tissue
If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and system response
(inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect against infection,
and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue.
16. What are the 4 cardinal signs of infection?
Edema (tumor), warmth (calor), redness (rubor), and pain (dolar).
There is a 5th sign known as loss of function (functio laesa) but Dr. Wunderlich did not
mention this.
17. Which type of white blood cell is first to arrive at the site of infection?
Leukocytes
18. What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
Increased capillary permeability
The increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of plasma from the
vessels, causing swelling in the surrounding tissue and is solely responsible for
inflammation-induced edema.
19. What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process?
Vasodilation of blood vessels
The increased blood flow, as a result of vasodilation and increasing concentration of red
cells at the site of inflammation cause locally increased warmth and redness.
20. The chemotactic factor affects the inflammatory process by?
Directing leukocytes to the inflamed area
Two chemotactic factors, neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and eosinophil
chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), are released during mast cell degranulation.
NCF attracts neutrophils (a type of leukocytes), and ECF-A attracts eosinophils to the site
of inflammation.
21. What is pain mediated by?
Histamines, bradykinins, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins
22. The function of opsonization related to the complement cascade is to:

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Tag the pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages.
C3b adheres to the surface of a pathogenic microorganism and serves as an efficient
opsonin. Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the
inflammatory system, primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
23. During phagocytosis what is occurring during the step referred to as opsonization?
Phagocytes recognize and adhere to the bacteria
During phagocytosis, opsonization involes only the recognition and adherence of
phagocytes to bacteria.
24. What is the correct sequence of phagocytosis?
Recognition (opsonization), engulfment, fusion, and destruction
Once the phagocytic cell enters the inflammatory site, the only correct sequence of
phagocytosis involves opsonization or recognition of the target and adherence of
the phagocyte to it, engulfment, or ingestion or endocytosis, and the formation of
phagosome, fusion with lysosomal granules within the phagocyte and destruction of
the target.
25. Which manifestations of inflammation is systemic?
Fever and leukocytosis
The only primary systemic changes associated with the acute inflammatory response are
fever, leukocytosis (a transient increase in circulating leukocytes), and increased levels
in circulating plasma proteins.
26. The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by the
hypothalamus being affected by?
Endogenous pyrogens
Fever-causing cytokines are known as endogenous pyrogens.
27. When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions are
related to elevations of which leukocyte?
A. Monocytes
B. Eosinophils
C. Neutrophils
D. Basophils
Neutrophils

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Only neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site,
arriving within 6-12 hours after the initial injury, they ingest (phagocytose) bacteria,
dead cells, and cellular debris at the inflammatory site.
28. What occurs during the process of repair after tissue damage?
Nonfunctioning scar tissue replaces the destroyed tissue
Repair is the replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue. Scar tissue is primarily
made up of collagen, which fills in the lesion and restores tensile strength but cannot
carry out the physiologic functions of the destroyed tissue.
29. When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significant
complications, the process of returning the cells to pre-injury function is referred to as:
Resolution
If damage is minor with no complications and destroyed tissues are capable of
regeneration, then returning the injured tissues to an approximation of their original
structure and physiologic function is possible. This restoration is called resolution.
30. The role of fibroblasts during the reconstructive phase of wound healing is to?
Synthesize and secrete collagen and the connective tissue proteins.
Fibroblasts are the most important cells during the reconstructive phase of wound
healing because they synthesize and secrete collagen and other connective tissue
proteins. Macrophage-derived transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-Beta) stimulates
fibroblasts.
31. Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which
problems?
Underlying chronic illness(es) exists
In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in general, but can
instead be linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or diabetes mellitus.
32. Which cell is the body’s primary defense against parasite invasion?
Eosinophils
Eosinophils serve as the body’s primary defense against parasites.

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33. Normal bacterial flora found in the intestines produce vitamin K to assist in the
absorption of which of the following? (select all that apply)
• Calcium
• Fatty acids
• Large polysaccharides
• Iron
• Magnesium
Calcium, iron, and magnesium
The flora’s production of vitamin K is needed to absorb various ions, such as calcium,
iron, and magnesium.
34. An individual’s acquired-immunity is dependent on the function of which cells? (select
all that apply)
• T lymphocytes
• B lymphocytes
• Macrophages
• Opsonins
• Neutrophils
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and macrophages
These cells along with dendritic cells are involved in acquired-immunity.
35. Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the
antigen or after immunization against the antigen?
Active-acquired immunity
An individual produces active-acquired immunity (active immunity) after natural
exposure to an antigen or after immunization, whereas passive-acquired immunity
(passive immunity) does not involve the host’s immune response at all. The innate
immune system, also known as nonspecific immune system and the first line of defense,
is composed of the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other
organisms in a nonspecific manner, which means that the cells of the innate system
recognize and respond to pathogens in a generic way
36. What is the role of a natural killer (NK) cells?
Elimination of malignant cells

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2023-2024 NURS611 Maryville University Pathophysiology Exam 2 With Answers (165 Solved Questions)

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