An Invitation To Health, 17th Edition Lecture Notes

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1
Your Invitation to a Healthy Future
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter in the text, the student should be able to:
1. Comment on the aspects of health and wellness.
2. Discuss the current state of health in America.
3. Describe the unhealthy habits and health issues of college students.
4. Summarize how healthy habits can improve the quality of life.
Chapter Summary
We extend an invitation to you to live more fully, more happily, and more healthfully. It is an
offer that you literally cannot afford to refuse. Your life may depend on it -- starting now.
Lecture Outline
I. Health and Wellness
A. Health means being sound in body, mind, and spirit.
B. The World Health Organization defines health as “not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity,” but “a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-
being.”
C. Health has many dimensions: physical, psychological, spiritual, social, intellectual,
and environmental.
D. Wellness can be defined as purposeful, enjoyable living or, more specifically, a
deliberate lifestyle choice characterized by personal responsibility and optimal
enhancement of physical, mental, and spiritual health.
II. The Dimensions of Health
A. Physical Health
1. Not a static state
B. Psychological Health
1. Our emotional and mental states
C. Spiritual Health
1. Spiritually healthy individuals identify their own basic purpose in
life; learn how to experience love, joy, peace, and fulfillment; and
help themselves and others achieve their full potential.
D. Social Health

1. The ability to interact effectively with other people and the social
environment, to develop satisfying interpersonal relationships, and to
fulfill social roles
E. Intellectual Health
1. The ability to think and learn from life experience, your openness to
new ideas, and your capacity to question and evaluate information.
F. Environmental Health
1. The impact your world has on your well-being
G. Occupational Health
1. The balance between the rewards and challenges of a career and how
these affect your well-being
III. Health in America
A. The United States spends more than any other nation on health care.
1. Among the diseases taking the greatest toll on Americans’ well-being
are hypertension, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, and autoimmune
disorders.
2. In comparison with almost all of the 16 high-income “peer” countries,
American have shorter life expectancies.
IV. How We Lag Behind
A. Birth outcomes
B. Injuries and homicides
C. Teen pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
D. HIV and AIDS
E. Drug-related mortality
F. Obesity and diabetes
G. Heart disease
H. Chronic lung disease
I. Disability
V. Closing the Gap
A. Fitness
B. Weight
C. Overall health
D. Medical conditions
E. Health care
F. Healthy People 2020
1. Mission
2. Goals
G. Health Disparities
1. The toll of poverty
2. Why race matters
3. Cancer Screening and Management
4. Cardiovascular Disease
5. Diabetes
6. Infant Mortality

7. Mental Health
8. Infectious Disease
9. HIV and Sexually Transmitted Infections
H. Sex, Gender, and Health
1. Sex is a classification according to the reproductive organs and functions that
derive from the chromosomal complement.
2. Gender is a person’s self-representation as male or female or how social
institutions respond to a person, on the basis of the individual’s gender
presentation.
VI. Health on Campus
A. College and Health
1. Health risks increase significantly
B. How Healthy are Today’s Students?
1. Adults in the US ages 20-34 have the highest BMIs of any developed country
2. About 67 percent have drunk alcohol in the previous months; 42.7 percent
reported 5 or more drinks in a single sitting in the past two weeks.
3. Only about half reported using a condom mostly or always during vaginal
intercourse.
4. Only 11.9 percent report getting enough sleep six or more days a week; 10
percent never feel rested.
5. College athletes have lower health-related quality of life.
C. Why “Now” Matters
D. Student Health Norms
1. Social norm refers to a behavior or an attitude that a particular group expects,
values, and enforces.
E. The Promise of Prevention
1. No medical treatment can compare with the power of prevention.
F. Protecting Yourself
1. There is a great deal of overlap between prevention and protection.
2. Assess risk to determine protection.
G. Understanding Risky Behaviors
1. Young people overestimate immediate pleasure compared to danger
of some risky behaviors.
VII. Making Healthy Changes
A. Understanding Health Behavior
1. Predisposing factors
2. Enabling factors
3. Reinforcing factors
VIII. How and Why People Change
A. The Health Belief Model
B. Self-Determination Theory
C. Motivational Interviewing
D. Self-Affirmation Theory
E. The Transtheoretical Model

1. The stages of change
2. The processes of change
F. Self-efficacy and locus of control
Discussion Questions
 Discuss with students which dimension of health is most prominent in their lives.
Why? With which are they least concerned? Ask students what they could do in order
to incorporate all components into their lives? What are some of the obvious
differences between those who do incorporate all of these aspects into their lives and
those who only concentrate on one or two components?
 Ask students to take a quick inventory of their own and their immediate family’s
health status. Using the statistics found in the text, compare their inventory to the
different health risks for their racial and ethnic group. Ask students what factors they
believe contribute to the differences in health status that various racial and ethnic
groups face. How might religion affect the health of a culture?
 What challenges do ethnicity, race, religion, gender, and sexual orientation bring to
the health-care system? What actions can government, universities, hospitals, and
other health-care facilities and individuals take to address these differences? Identify
some of the religious differences that might affect the overall health of an individual
for the better or worse. What factors in the health-care system might keep various
individuals from keeping up with their health?
 Ask students how they have handled their newfound freedom since attending college
or leaving home for the first time. How have their parents handled and reacted to it?
How does this sense of independence affect their health? What health challenges do
they face?
 Ask students to identify ways they can keep their medical costs down without
sacrificing good health. What options do they have if they are not insured?

Classroom Activities
Activity #1: Meet Your Classmates
Purpose:
1. To meet your classmates and learn to appreciate the differences we all share.
2. To learn how to appreciate nonverbal communication.
Time: 10 to 15 minutes of class
Introduction:
Introduce the disparities in health and how often we overlook our differences.
Elaborate on the following communication facts:
a. Seven percent of communication is the result of the verbal message: words.
b. Fifty-eight percent of communication is the result of nonverbal cues.
Method:
1. Go to an area in which students can easily move around.
2. Divide the class into two or three teams.
3. Have students stand in a straight line.
4. Give students a topic (most siblings, most pets, most operations, height, weight,
age, foot size).

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5. Have students line up accordingly (most to least, least to most).
6. Keep track of time to see which group lines up first (and then compare times after
they aren’t allowed to speak).
7. To add a twist, don’t let students talk while trying to line up.
8. Repeat many times so that the students get a chance to be in a different location
each time.
Discussion:
1. Discuss with the students how they felt when they couldn’t talk. What did they
rely on to communicate?
a. How did some communicate? Were there different styles?
b. Is nonverbal communication as effective as verbal communication? Explain.
2. Discuss whether anyone was always in the same place in line. Discuss these
differences.
3. How might these differences reflect how we treat ourselves? Our lifestyle
behaviors
Activity #2: The Dimensions of Health
Purpose:
1. To introduce and investigate the dimensions of health and how various individuals
perceive these dimensions.
2. To analyze human behavior in the context of physical, psychological, social,
intellectual, environmental, and spiritual health.
3. To enable students to meet their classmates.
Time:
One class period
Method:
1. Form a circle in the room.
2. Instruct each student to introduce him or herself and identify a dimension of health
that represents their lifestyle by acting it out.
Discussion:
1. Discuss the various ways that people perceived the dimensions, not only the person
acting out the dimension but also the audience.

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Activity #3: Family Health History
Purpose:
1. To investigate your family health history.
2. To analyze how current health practices along with family health history can
determine future health.
Time:
One class period
Method:
1. Have students first create a family tree that includes parents, siblings, grandparents,
aunts, and uncles. Students should also list close relatives who may be deceased.
2. After creating the family tree, students should list any health concerns or illnesses any
family member has experienced.
Discussion:
1. How many relatives in their family tree have health concerns?
2. Discuss how those health conditions may play a role in the student’s life in terms of
their own health.
3. Discuss strategies for behavior change or preventive measures that each student can
take to possibly avoid the same health concerns.

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References, Readings, and Resources
Books
Demetre, Danna. Change Your Habits, Change Your Life, A Proven Plan for Healthy Living.
Grand Rapids, MI: Revell, 2009.
Sets forth guidelines for replacing negative “mental programming” with messages
that lead to healthier living. Note: uses a Christian framework.
LaVeist, Thomas. Race, Ethnicity, and Health: A Public Health Reader. San Francisco:
Wiley, 2002.
Explores the racial and ethnic health disparities in America.
Audiovisual Resources
Chopra, Deepak. The Secret of Healing: Meditations for Transformation and Higher Consciousness.
Play It By Ear Music, 2011. Audio CD.
The first in a new series of guided meditation CDs by Deepak Chopra and Adam
Plack.
Minority Health. DVD. New York: Films Media Group, 2007.
Healthy living presents special challenges for members of minorities living in lower-
income neighborhoods—particularly senior citizens. This program examines those
challenges, and the health problems that can result, by focusing on African American
and Latino communities.
Internet Resources
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human
services, especially for those who are least able to help themselves.
http://www.hhs.gov
Centers for Disease and Prevention
Provides a wide variety of information and is a gateway to specific CDC agencies.
http://www.cdc.gov/
Go Ask Alice
Sponsored by Columbia University, this site offers questions and answers as well as an
interactive service on a wide variety of health-related topics.

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http://www.goaskalice.columbia.edu/
WebMD
Provides information on a variety of health issues.
http://www.webmd.com
Healthy People 2020
Healthy People 2020 is a statement of national health objectives designed to identify the most
significant preventable causes of acute and chronic illnesses and accidents, and to establish
national goals to reduce these threats to health.
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/healthy_people/hp2020.htm
National Institutes of Health
A governmental organization that supplies data and resources on a wide variety of health
issues.
http://www.nih.gov
U.S. National Library of Medicine
The library collects materials and provides information and research services in all areas of
biomedicine and health care.
http://www.nlm.nih.gov
Answers to Selected MindTap Activities
Global Health Watch
1. b
2. b
3. school events
Video Quiz
1. b
2. c
3. type II

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2
Your Psychological and Spiritual Well-Being
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter in the text, the student should be able to:
1. Recognize the characteristics of emotionally healthy individuals.
2. Summarize the components of positive mental health that can lead to a happy and
purposeful life.
3. Describe the roles of autonomy and self-assertion in boosting self-control.
4. Discuss the impact of spirituality on individuals.
5. Summarize the significance of having a good night’s sleep.
Chapter Summary
This chapter reports the latest findings on making the most of psychological strengths,
enhancing happiness, and developing the spiritual dimension of your health and your life. It
also explores an often overlooked dimension of physical and emotional well-being: sleep
Lecture Outline
I. Emotional and Mental Health
A. Psychological health encompasses both our emotional and mental states—that is,
our feelings and our thoughts.
1. Emotional health generally refers to feelings and moods.
2. Mental health describes our ability to perceive reality as it is, to respond to its
challenges, and to develop rational strategies for living.
3. Culture helps to define psychological health. In our diverse society, many
cultural influences affect Americans’ sense of who they are, where they came
from, and what they believe.
II. The Lessons of Positive Mental Health
A. The three major areas of positive psychology are the study of positive emotions,
such as hope and trust; positive traits, such as wisdom and courage; and positive
institutions, such as strong families and democracy.
B. Know Yourself
1. Conscientiousness
2. Extraversion
C. Develop Self-Compassion

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1. Self-compassion is a healthy form of self-acceptance and a way of
conceptualizing our favorable and unfavorable attitudes about
ourselves and others.
D. Boost Emotional Intelligence
1. EQ (emotional quotient) is the ability to monitor and use emotions to
guide thinking and actions.
E. Meet Your Needs
1. According to Maslow, human needs are the motivating factors in
personality development.
F. Boost Self-Esteem
1. Self-esteem is based on what you believe about yourself. It is not
something you are born with; it develops over time.
G. Pursue Happiness
1. Genetics accounts for 50 percent of your happiness.
2. Life circumstances account for 10 percent of your happiness.
3. Forty percent of your happiness depends on what you do.
H. Become Optimistic
1. Optimism is the extent to which individuals expect favorable outcomes
to occur.
I. Manage Your Moods
1. A mood is a more sustained emotional state that colors our view of the
world for hours or days.
2. The most effective way to banish a sad or bad mood is by changing
what caused it in the first place.
III. Feeling in Control
A. Developing Autonomy
B. Assert Yourself
IV. Spiritual Health
A. Spiritual health involves our ability to identify our basic purpose in life
and to experience the fulfillment of achieving our full potential.
B. Spirituality and Physical Health
C. Deepen Your Spiritual Intelligence
D. Clarify Your Values
E. Enrich Your Spiritual Life
F. Consider the Power of Prayer
1. Some scientists speculate that prayer may foster a state of peace and calm that
could lead to beneficial changes in the cardiovascular and immune systems.
G. Cultivate Gratitude
1. A grateful spirit brightens mood, boosts energy, and infuses daily living with a
sense of glad abundance. How can you let your gratitude grow?
a. Keep a gratitude journal.
b. Record three things you are grateful for every day.
H. Forgive

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1. Being angry, harboring resentments, or reliving hurts over and over again is bad
for your health in general and your heart in particular.
V. Sleepless on Campus
A. Student Night Life
1. College students are notorious for their erratic sleep schedules.
2. Alcohol compounds many students’ sleep problems.
B. Sleep’s Impact on Health
1. Sleep affects many aspects of daytime well-being.
C. What Happens When We Sleep?
1. Stage 1: A twilight zone between full wakefulness and sleep, the brain produces
small, irregular, rapid electrical waves. Muscles relax and breathing is smooth
and even.
2. Stage 2: Brain waves are larger and punctuated with occasional sudden bursts of
electrical activity. Eyes no longer react to light and bodily functions slowly.
3. Stages 3 and 4: Constitute the most profound state of unconsciousness. The brain
produces slower, larger waves; sometimes referred to as “delta” or slow-wave
sleep.
D. How Much Sleep Do You Need?
1. Normal sleep times range from five to ten hours.
2. Each of us seems to have an innate sleep appetite that is as much a part of our
genetic programming as hair color and skin tone.
E. To Nap or Not to Nap?
1. A late-afternoon nap proved to undo the negative impact on hormones and
immunity of a lost night of sleep.
2. Napping can disrupt the sleep-wake cycle.
F. Sleep Disorders
1. Insomnia: A lack of sleep so severe that it interferes with functioning during the
day.
2. Treatments: Relaxation therapy, cognitive therapy, stimulus control therapy,
sleep restriction therapy
G. Breathing Disorders (Snoring and Sleep Apnea)
H. Movement Disorders
I. Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorders
J. Sleeping Pills
1. The use of prescription sleeping pills has more than doubled in the
last decade.
2. Use of any sleeping medication should be carefully considered.
Discussion Questions
 Discuss the concept of psychological health as it relates to the other five dimensions of
health. Can psychological health be separate and distinct from the other components
without affecting them? How so? How does it or doesn’t it contribute to the holistic
model? How do the other dimensions affect one’s psychological health?

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 Ask students what it means to love and accept themselves. Can one accept and love
another without first loving oneself? How? Why? How does this relate to Maslow’s
hierarchy of thinking?
 Ask students what emotional intelligence means to them. Discuss with students how
they might go about developing and strengthening their emotional intelligence. Discuss
the benefits of possessing emotional intelligence. What role does an individual’s EQ
play in their everyday life or career? Ask them which they would rather have, a high IQ
or a high EQ. Why?
 Ask students what factors contribute to happiness. Compare these characteristics to
those cited for contributing to good psychological health. Ask students to make a list of
the things that make them happy. Do they think of the things on the list when they
make choices or decisions that may affect their happiness? Why?
 Discuss the concept of sleep deprivation as discussed in the text. Ask for volunteers
who have experienced it to share their symptoms or experiences. Ask others to share
the strategies and rituals they use to reduce sleep deprivation and maximize restful
sleep. How might they improve their sleep rituals? Why is it important at this point in
their lives to get enough sleep?
Classroom Activities
Activity #1: Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Purpose:
To assist students in identifying their own potential.
Time:
This activity will take 10 to 15 minutes.
Introduction:
Introduce to students the idea that not reaching our fullest potential can impact our
health.
Method:
1. Introduce to students Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and review the various levels
within this model.
2. Have students make their own pyramid and write a brief statement about how they
have reached each level, or not reached a particular level.

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Discussion:
1. Ask students to identify areas that they are meeting.
2. Ask students to identify areas that they are not meeting.
3. How do they feel meeting or not meeting a particular area has influenced their life?
4. Are there areas in life for which students believe meeting each “step” isn’t necessary
to achieve the next level? Why or why not?
5. Ask students to identify someone they believe has reached the self-actualization
level. Why?

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Activity #2: Enhancing Self-Esteem
Purpose:
To improve self-esteem.
Time:
This activity will take 10 to 15 minutes.
Introduction:
Enhancing self-esteem and personal well-being is a lifelong process.
Method:
Have students ask themselves the following questions:
a. How do I feel about my life in general, positively or negatively?
b. Do I constantly send myself negative messages?
c. What is one area of my life that I would like to improve on?
Write two positive affirmations that you will repeat to yourself whenever you feel those
negative or self-defeating thoughts begin to enter your mind.
Discussion:
1. What factors have contributed to your feelings about your life in general, whether
they are positive or negative?
2. Will your positive affirmations help derail any negative observations you have of
yourself?
3. What role does self-esteem play in the ability to set and establish goals?
References, Readings, and Resources
Books

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