Bailey and Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology 14th Edition Test Bank

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Chapter 01: Microbial TaxonomyTest BankMULTIPLE CHOICE1.Taxonomy can be described as a system that:a.classifies, names, and identifies microorganisms in a consistent manner.b.classifies microorganisms, based on their genetic makeup.c.classifies microorganisms, based on their phenotypic makeup.d.classifies microorganisms, based on their cellular and colonial traits.ANS:ATaxonomy is a system that consistently classifies, names, and identifies microorganisms.Although organisms have genotypic and phenotypic characteristics, as well as cellular andcolonial characteristics, answerAbest describes the termtaxonomy.REF:1OBJ:Level: Knowledge2.The most basic taxonomic group that can be defined as a collection of bacterial strains thatshare many common physiologic and genetic features is:a.genus.b.species.c.class.d.kingdom.ANS:BBacteria are classified into the same species, based on their physiologic and geneticsimilarities and their differences from bacteria in other species.REF:1OBJ:Level: Knowledge3.Colonial and microscopic morphologic properties, along with the pigmentation of colonies,would belong to a microorganism group of ________ characteristics.a.genotypicb.taxonomicc.phenotypicd.subspeciesANS:CPhenotypic characteristics are the observable properties of the subject.REF:2–3OBJ:Level: Application4.Which binomial name is correctly written?a.Escherichia colib.Escherichiacolic.Escherichiacolid.Escherichia ColiANS:A

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The genus should be capitalized, and the species should be in lowercase. The entire name iseither italicized or underlined.REF:2OBJ:Level: Application5.The use of a double genus in a microorganism’s label, such asBurkholderia (Pseudomonas),indicates that the bacterium:a.does not fit well in either group but has some characteristics of both groups.b.is a genetic cross between the two groups.c.has been moved from one genus(Pseudomonas)to another genus(Burkholderia).d.has been moved from one genus(Burkholderia)to another genus(Pseudomonas).ANS:CA name of an organism may change as scientists learn more about the organism. An oldername is often included in parentheses next to the current name to alleviate confusion about theidentity of the organism.REF:2OBJ:Level: Application6.A bacterium that has been moved from one genus(Pseudomonas)to another genus(Burkholderia)would be correctly noted as which one of the following?a.Pseudomonas (Burkholderia)b.Burkholderia (Pseudomonas)c.Pseudomonas, formerlyBurkholderiad.Burkholderia, formerlyPseudomonasANS:BThe name of an organism may change as scientists learn more about the organism. An oldername is often included in parentheses next to the current name to alleviate confusion about theidentity of the organism.REF:2OBJ:Level: Application7.The taxon that is composed of similar species that have several important features in commonbut differ sufficiently to still maintain their status as individual species is which one of thefollowing?a.Classb.Orderc.Familyd.GenusANS:DThe genus is composed of similar species.REF:1OBJ:Level: Knowledge8.Which binomial name is correctly written?a.Staphylococcus Aureusb.staphylococcusaureusc.Staphylococcus aureusd.Staphylococcusaureus

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ANS:CThe genus should be capitalized, and the species should be in lowercase. The entire name iseither italicized or underlined.REF:2OBJ:Level: Application9.An example of an organism’s genotypic characteristic is its:a.macroscopic morphologic structure.b.microscopic morphologic structure.c.nucleic acid composition.d.antigenic properties.ANS:CThe organism’s nucleic acid composition—deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid(RNA)—is a genotypic characteristic. All of the other choices are phenotypic characteristics.REF:2–3OBJ:Level: Knowledge10.An organism is serologically identified in the clinical laboratory. This is an example of whichphenotypic property?a.Subcellular propertiesb.Antigenic propertiesc.Resistant profilesd.Nucleic acid sequence analysisANS:BSerologic methods examine the organism’s antigenic properties.REF:3OBJ:Level: Application

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Chapter 02: Bacterial Genetics, Metabolism, and StructureTest BankMULTIPLE CHOICE1.Pieces of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that move from one genetic element to another andcontain genes for movement and genes for other features are called:a.transposons.b.insertion sequences.c.plasmids.d.chromatoids.ANS:AInsertion sequences only code for movement.REF:7OBJ:Level: Knowledge2.Miniature chromosomes composed of several genes in double-stranded, closed, circularstructures are called:a.transposons.b.insertion sequences.c.plasmids.d.chromatoids.ANS:CPlasmids can be separate entities, but transposable elements (transposons and insertionsequences) cannot.REF:5 | 7OBJ:Level: Knowledge3.A DNA sequence that encodes for a specific product (ribonucleic acid [RNA] or protein) isdefined as a:a.gene.b.genome.c.nucleotide.d.deoxyribonucleic acid.ANS:AThe genome is the collection of all the genes of an organism. Nucleotides and DNA arebuilding blocks of genes.REF:5OBJ:Level: Knowledge4.The enzyme that adds nucleotide bases to each growing daughter strand in the replicationprocess is called:a.replication enzymes.b.DNA polymerase.c.insertion sequence enzymes.d.transcriptase.ANS:B

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DNA polymerase is a specific type of replication enzyme.REF:7–8OBJ:Level: Knowledge5.If a bacterial cell encounters unfavorable environmental conditions, then its metabolism willbegin to slow until it eventually transforms into an inactive, dormant state. This survivalmechanism is known as:a.polymerization.b.oxidation.c.respiration.d.sporulation.ANS:DOrganisms sporulate when unfavorable conditions are encountered and remain in this stateuntil favorable conditions return.REF:21OBJ:Level: Knowledge6.Teichoic acids, mycolic acids, peptidoglycan, and disaccharide-pentapeptide subunits are allbuilding blocks of which bacterial structure?a.Outer cell membraneb.Flagellac.Inner cell membraned.Cell wallANS:DThese elements are all part of the cell walls of some types of bacteria.REF:19–20OBJ:Level: Knowledge7.The major difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is that:a.the peptidoglycan layer in gram-positive bacteria is substantially thinner than ingram-negative bacteria.b.gram-positive bacteria contain a periplasmic space, whereas gram-negativebacteria do not.c.flagella are only present in gram-positive bacteria.d.gram-negative bacteria contain an outer membrane that functions as the cell’sinitial barrier to the environment.ANS:DGram-negative bacteria contain an outer membrane, but gram-positive bacteria do not.REF:19OBJ:Level: Knowledge8.In gene regulation and control,repressionis defined as the:a.internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within anorganism’s genome.b.mechanism of genetic control in which genes are induced only when the substrateto be degraded by enzymatic action is present.c.change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell toanother.d.mechanism of genetic control in which genes are not transcribed and therefore are

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not expressed in the presence of those target products in sufficient supply.ANS:DTo avoid waste and overproduction of enzymes in the cell, some genes areturned offby thepresence of the product of that gene expression.REF:11OBJ:Level: Knowledge9.In gene regulation and control,inductioncan be defined as the:a.mechanism of genetic control in which genes are induced only when the substrateto be degraded by enzymatic action is present.b.uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient’shomologous DNA.c.mechanism of genetic control in which genes are not transcribed and therefore arenot expressed in the presence of those target products in sufficient supply.d.change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell toanother.ANS:ATo avoid waste and overproduction of enzymes in the cell, some genes areturned ononly bythe presence of the substrate of that gene expression.REF:11OBJ:Level: Knowledge10.Mutationis defined as the:a.change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell toanother.b.internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within anorganism’s genome.c.process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise fromone genomic location and insert into another.d.uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient’shomologous DNA.ANS:BMutation occurs as an internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or geneswithin an organism’s genome.REF:12OBJ:Level: Knowledge11.Recombinationis defined as the:a.change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell toanother.b.internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within anorganism’s genome.c.process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise fromone genomic location and insert into another.d.uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient’shomologous DNA.ANS:A

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Recombination is an event that frequently occurs in many varieties of bacteria and is a majormeans by which bacteria may achieve genetic diversity.REF:12OBJ:Level: Knowledge12.Transformationis defined as the:a.change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell toanother.b.internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within anorganism’s genome.c.process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise fromone genomic location and insert into another.d.uptake of free DNA from the environment and recombination with the recipient’shomologous DNA.ANS:DTransformation involves recipient uptake of DNA that is free in the environment whenanother bacterial cell dies and undergoes lysis.REF:12OBJ:Level: Knowledge13.Transductionis defined as the:a.change of the bacterial genotypes through the exchange of DNA from one cell toanother.b.internal change in the original nucleotide sequence of a gene or genes within anorganism’s genome.c.process by which genetic elements such as plasmids and transposons excise fromone genomic location and insert into another.d.mechanism that is mediated by viruses, by which DNA from two bacteria maycome together in one cell, thus allowing for recombination.ANS:DBacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, integrate their DNA into the bacterial cell’schromosome, in which viral DNA replication and expression is directed; thus, the DNA isdispersed to another bacterium when other cells are infected.REF:12OBJ:Level: Knowledge14.The mechanism for adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in which high-energy phosphatebonds produced by the central metabolic pathways are donated to adenosine diphosphate(ADP) to form ATP is:a.substrate-level phosphorylation.b.fermentative metabolism.c.oxidative phosphorylation.d.aerobic respiration.ANS:AFermentative metabolism is one form of substrate-level phosphorylation that does not requireoxygen. Oxidative phosphorylation is an electron transport system that can use either oxygenas the terminal electron acceptor (aerobic respiration) or acceptors other than oxygen(anaerobic respiration).

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REF:15OBJ:Level: Knowledge15.A pathway that generates ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation that does not requireoxygen and produces various end products, including alcohols, acids, carbon dioxide, andhydrogen, is:a.substrate-level phosphorylation.b.fermentative metabolism.c.oxidative phosphorylation.d.aerobic respiration.ANS:BFermentative metabolism is one form of substrate-level phosphorylation that does not requireoxygen. Oxidative phosphorylation, including both aerobic respiration and anaerobicrespiration, is an electron transport system.REF:15OBJ:Level: Knowledge16.The pathway of metabolism that involves a series of electron transfers from reduced carriermolecules such as NADH2and NADPH2to a terminal electron acceptor is:a.substrate-level phosphorylation.b.fermentative metabolism.c.oxidative phosphorylation.d.aerobic respiration.ANS:CFermentative metabolism is one form of substrate-level phosphorylation. Oxidativephosphorylation is an electron transport system that can use either oxygen as the terminalelectron acceptor (aerobic respiration) or acceptors other than oxygen (anaerobic respiration).REF:17OBJ:Level: Knowledge17.The term used when oxidative phosphorylation uses oxygen as the terminal electron acceptoris:a.substrate-level phosphorylation.b.fermentative metabolism.c.anaerobic respiration.d.aerobic respiration.ANS:DOxidative phosphorylation is an electron transport system that can use either oxygen as theterminal electron acceptor (aerobic respiration) or acceptors other than oxygen (anaerobicrespiration).REF:17OBJ:Level: Knowledge18.Which organelle is found in eukaryotic cells and is responsible for controlled enzymaticdegradation of intracellular substances?a.Mitochondriab.Lysosomesc.Endoplasmic reticulumd.Golgi body

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ANS:BLysosomes in the cell are responsible for controlled degradation of intracellular substances.REF:18OBJ:Level: Knowledge19.Teichoic acids are:a.waxy substances that are found in some bacterial cell wallsthat make the cellsresistant to toxic substances, including acids.b.glycerol-or ribitol-phosphate polymers that are combined with various sugars,amino acids, and amino sugars, which are a part of the cell wall of gram-positivebacteria.c.high–molecular-weight polysaccharides that coat some bacterial cells and protectthe bacteria from attack by cells of the human defense system.d.hairlike, proteinaceous structures that extend from the cell.ANS:BTeichoic acids, mycolic acids, peptidoglycan, and disaccharide-pentapeptide subunits are allbuilding blocks of the bacterial cell wall.REF:19OBJ:Level: Knowledge20.Pieces of DNA that move from plasmid to chromosome or vice versa but are not found asseparate entities are called:a.DNA polymerases.b.transposable elements.c.plasmids.d.chromatoids.ANS:BPlasmids can be separate entities, but transposable elements cannot.REF:7OBJ:Level: Knowledge21.All genes within an organism make up that organism’s:a.chromosomes.b.genome.c.nucleotides.d.DNA.ANS:BChromosomes are elements of the genome. Nucleotides and DNA are building blocks ofgenes.REF:5OBJ:Level: Knowledge22.A bacterial cell that contains teichoic acid stains which color on the Gram stain?a.Pinkb.Redc.Greend.PurpleANS:D

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Gram-positive organisms contain teichoic acid and therefore stain purple on the Gram stain.REF:18OBJ:Level: Application23.A bacterial cell that contains an outer membrane and periplasmic space stains pink to red onGram stain. Which one of the following statements explains this discrepancy?a.The bacteria were subjected to too much alcohol during the decolorization process,causing the organism to absorb the pink-to-red dye.b.The bacteria with an outer membrane and periplasmic space should not be Gramstained because of their cell wall content.c.Something is wrong with the lot of stains and may be expired.The gram stain reagents are most likely expired.d.No discrepancy is present; organisms that contain an outer membrane andperiplasmic space should stain pink because of their cell wall composition.ANS:DGram-negative organisms contain an outer membrane and periplasmic space and thereforeshould stain red to pink to red on Gram stain because of their cell wall composition.REF:18OBJ:Level: Problem Solving24.Amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, and nucleotides are produced during which metabolicreaction?a.Fuelingb.Biosynthesisc.Polymerizationd.AssemblyANS:BDuring biosynthesis, amino acids, fatty acids, sugars, and nucleotides are produced usingprecursor products in dozens of pathways to produce nearly 100 different products.REF:18OBJ:Level: Knowledge25.Which of the following processes takes place in the cytoplasm and involves the transfer RNA(tRNA) mediating the sequential addition of amino acids in a specific sequence that is dictatedby the codon sequence of the messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule?a.Transcriptionb.Initiationc.Elongationd.TerminationANS:CElongation, which is one of the steps of translation, adds amino acids in a specific sequence,which ultimately codes for a specific protein. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm, whereastranscription occurs in the nucleus. Initiation begins with the association of ribosomalsubunits, mRNA, and formylmethionine tRNA carrying the initial amino acid of the protein tobe synthesized. After the initial complex is formed, addition of individual amino acids begins.Termination is the final step in translation and occurs when the ribosomal A site encounters astop codon that does not specify an amino acid.

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REF:9OBJ:Level: Knowledge

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Chapter 03: Host-Microorganism InteractionsTest BankMULTIPLE CHOICE1.A human infection that results from a microorganism that primarily infects animal populationsis referred to as a(n) _________ infection.a.accidentalb.zoonoticc.secondaryd.vectorANS:BSome microorganisms primarily infect animal populations but can occasionally infect humansin what is called a zoonotic infection.REF:24OBJ:Level: Knowledge2.The persistent survival of microorganisms on a surface of the human body is called a(n):a.infection.b.colonization.c.nosocomial infection.d.reservoir.ANS:BMicroorganisms are everywhere in nature, including on and in the human body. Sometimesthey do not cause disease but instead coexist with the host.REF:25OBJ:Level: Knowledge3.Cells that ingest and destroy bacteria and other foreign particles are called:a.phagocytes.b.lymphocytes.c.goblet cells.d.ciliated cells.ANS:APhagocytes are cells that ingest and destroy invading bacteria when they enter the humanbody.REF:28OBJ:Level: Knowledge4.Cells with a short life span that circulate in blood and tissues and are usually the first cells onthe scene of a bacterial invasion are called:a.monocytes.b.polymorphonuclear neutrophils.c.lymphocytes.d.macrophages.ANS:B

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All the cells listed are involved in the body’s cellular responses to foreign particles, butneutrophils are short-lived cells that circulate in blood and tissues.REF:28OBJ:Level: Knowledge5.Swelling, redness, heat, and pain are all manifestations of:a.nosocomial infection.b.inflammation.c.bacterial colonization.d.coagulation.ANS:BInflammation is a system that has both cellular and biochemical components that interact invarious ways to fight microbial invasion in the human body.REF:29–30OBJ:Level: Knowledge6.The complement system serves to:a.increase blood flow to the area of infection and can also effectively wall off theinfection through the production of barrier substances.b.attract and enhance the activities of phagocytes.c.provide substances secreted by one type of cell, which have substantial effects onthe antiinfective activities of other cells.d.ingest and destroy microorganisms.ANS:BBecauseneutrophils and macrophages are widely dispersed throughout the body, thecomplement system sends signals to attract and concentrate these cells at the point ofinvasion.REF:29OBJ:Level: Knowledge7.The coagulation system serves to:a.increase blood flow to the area of infection and can also effectively wall off theinfection through the production of barrier substances.b.attract and enhance the activities of phagocytes.c.provide substances secreted by one type of cell, which have substantial effects onthe antiinfective activities of other cells.d.ingest and destroy microorganisms.ANS:AThe coagulation system increases blood flow and walls off the infection. It accomplishes thisthrough the production of barrier substances.REF:29OBJ:Level: Knowledge8.Biochemicals known ascytokinesserve to:a.increase blood flow to the area of infection and can also effectively wall off theinfection through the production of barrier substances.b.attract and enhance the activities of phagocytes.c.have substantial effects on the activities of other cells.d.directly kill gram-negative bacteria.

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ANS:CA key component of inflammation is the group of cytokines that are substances secreted bymacrophages and other cells that enhance the antiinfective activities of other cells.REF:29OBJ:Level: Knowledge9.Specific proteins produced by cells of the immune system in response to the presence offoreign molecules that circulate in the serum and are present in secretions such as saliva arecalled:a.antigens.b.immunoglobulins.c.cytokines.d.phagogens.ANS:BProduced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of foreign molecules,immunoglobulins (antibodies) are present in serum and in secretions such as saliva and are thecentral molecule of the immune response.REF:30OBJ:Level: Knowledge10.The antibody that is secreted in various body fluids and primarily protects those body surfaceslined with mucous membranes is:a.immunoglobulin (Ig) G.b.IgA.c.IgM.d.IgE.ANS:BEach of the five different classes of antibodies has its distinctive molecular configuration andis involved in the immune reaction in a different way. IgA is secreted in body fluids andprimarily protects those body surfaces lined with mucous membranes.REF:30OBJ:Level: Knowledge11.Which stage of infection is characterized by host deterioration and possibly death?a.Prodromalb.Clinicalc.Declined.ConvalescentANS:CREF:36OBJ:Level: Knowledge12.Which immune system cells primarily function as antibody producers and originate from stemcells?a.B lymphocytesb.T lymphocytesc.Natural killer cellsd.NeutrophilsANS:A

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Produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of foreign molecules,immunoglobulins (antibodies) are present in serum and in secretions such as saliva and are thecentral molecule of the immune response.REF:30OBJ:Level: Knowledge13.Which immune system cells destroy infected or malignant host cells?a.B lymphocytesb.T lymphocytesc.Natural killer cellsd.NeutrophilsANS:CNatural killer cells are an important cellular component of the immune response that serve todestroy infected or malignant host cells.REF:30OBJ:Level: Knowledge14.Infectious processes that quickly develop are referred to as _________ infections.a.chronicb.latentc.acuted.nosocomialANS:CDepending on the host and microbial factors, infections may develop quickly (acute) orslowly (chronic).REF:35OBJ:Level: Knowledge15.Infectious processes that develop and slowly progress are known as _________ infections.a.chronicb.latentc.acuted.nosocomialANS:ADepending on the host and microbial factors, infections may develop quickly (acute) orslowly (chronic).REF:35OBJ:Level: Knowledge16.Proper hand-washing and hygiene procedures by hospital staff are essential in preventingwhich types of infections?a.Chronicb.Latentc.Acuted.NosocomialANS:DNosocomial infections are those that are contracted in the hospital environment, sometimesbeing transmitted by the contact of hospital personnel such as the nursing staff.

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