Test Bank For Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy, 6th Edition

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iTEST BANKNichol Dolby, Ph.D.AMARILLO COLLEGEMicrobiology with Diseasesby TaxonomySIXTH EDITIONRobert W. Bauman, Ph.D.

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iiiContentsCHAPTER 1A Brief History of MicrobiologyCHAPTER 2The Chemistry of MicrobiologyCHAPTER 3Cell Structure and FunctionCHAPTER 4Microscopy, Staining, and ClassificationCHAPTER 5Microbial MetabolismCHAPTER 6Microbial Nutrition and GrowthCHAPTER 7Microbial GeneticsCHAPTER 8Recombinant DNA TechnologyCHAPTER 9Controlling Microbial Growth in the EnvironmentCHAPTER 10Controlling Microbial Growth in the Body: Antimicrobial DrugsCHAPTER 11Characterizing and Classifying ProkaryotesCHAPTER 12Characterizing and Classifying EukaryotesCHAPTER 13Characterizing and Classifying Viruses, Viroids, and PrionsCHAPTER 14Infection, Infectious Diseases, and EpidemiologyCHAPTER 15Innate ImmunityCHAPTER 16Adaptive ImmunityCHAPTER 17Immunization and Immune TestingCHAPTER 18Immune DisordersCHAPTER 19Pathogenic Gram-Positive BacteriaCHAPTER 20Pathogenic Gram-Negative Cocci and BacilliCHAPTER 21Rickettsias, Chlamydias, Spirochetes and VibriosCHAPTER 22Pathogenic FungiCHAPTER 23Parasitic Protozoa, Helminths, and Arthropod VectorsCHAPTER 24Pathogenic DNA VirusesCHAPTER 25Pathogenic RNA VirusesCHAPTER 26Applied and Industrial MicrobiologyCHAPTER 27Microbial Ecology and Microbiomes

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ivPREFACEPrefaceThe Test Bank consists of approximately 1800 multiple-choice, matching, true/false,fill- in-the-blank, short-answer, and essay questions. The questions are ranked usingBloom’s Taxonomy. The main text Learning Outcomes and the section upon which thequestion is based are also provided. The complete Mastering Test Bank is also taggedto Microbiology in Nursing and Allied Health (MINAH) Outcomes and the PearsonGlobal Science Learning Outcomes.Below is a list of additional print and media resources available to you as an adopterofMicrobiology.Contact your local Pearson representative if you would like to orderany additional supplements. To locate the representative nearest you, visithttps://www.pearson.com/us/contact-us/find-your-rep.html.Using Mastering Microbiology with Your TextbookAsk your Pearson representative for a demonstration of Mastering Microbiology ortake a tour (www.masteringmicrobiology.com).1.Assign and assess with Mastering Microbiology.Mastering Microbiologywill help you maximize class time with customizable, easy-to-assign, and auto-matically graded assessments. Many assessments have built-in feedback tohelp guide your students to the correct answer. You can then easily exportgrades to a course management system or spreadsheet. Mastering Microbiol-ogy includes the following powerful online tools:•NEWConcept Mapsgive students the opportunity to construct their knowledgeusing a list of key terms as higher level Bloom's activities in a scaffolded, dragand drop format.•NEWSolve the Problemactivities provide a basic framework for more ambi-tious in-class group work.•NEWBefore You Beginquestions test students’ foundational knowledge rele-vant to the appropriate book chapter.•NEWMicro Checkquestionschallenge students to use newly acquiredknowledge as they proceed through the chapters.•Video Tutors,narrated by the author, walk students through key con-cepts in the book.•MicroLab Practicalsgive students extra practice in observing and analyzingimportant procedures and test results.•MicroCareers Coaching Activitieshelp students learn to think like a microbiolo-gist by investigating emerging diseases from different career perspectives.•MicroLab Tutorsintroduce students to a technique’s background, purpose, andclinical applications before walking through the procedure itself.•Lab Technique Videosdemonstrate specific lab techniques in 3–5 minutes.•Disease in Depth coaching activities, corresponding to the feature in the book,encourage students to employ investigative skills using epidemiological andclinical field work to understand each featured disease.

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PREFACEv•Disease at a Glancecoaching activitiesrequire students to recognize and sortdiseases by different categories (transmission type, pathogenesis, signs andsymptoms, associated organisms, and treatment).•Dynamic Study Modulesboost knowledge acquisition and retention, fosteringmore effective study and class time and helping students to come to class bet-ter prepared and ready for higher levels of learning.•Learning Catalyticsprovides meaningful question types and facilitate class-room discussions and activities, supporting active learning in every classroom.•Clinical Case Study activitieshelp students connect microbiological theory toreal-world disease diagnosis and treatment.•Pre-lecture reading quizzesencourage your students to read the textbook be-fore coming to class.•Post-lecture quizzescheck students’ understanding.•MicroFlix™ and BioFlix™ quizzesand activitiesprovide students practice with3-D movie-quality animations.•Microbiology Animation quizzeshelp students master the toughest topics inmicrobiology.•Pre-lab quizzeshelpto better prepare students for lab sessions.•Post-lab quizzescheck that lab objectives were met.•Get Ready for Microbiology quizzesenable your students to come to yourcourse prepared.•Test Bank itemstest every chapter section.A list of Concept Maps topics follows, organized by chapter:ChapterConcept Map Title1What Microbiologists Study2Nucleic Acids3Bacterial Cell Wall4Gram Stain5Aerobic Respiration6Culture Media7Point Mutations8Recombinant DNA Technology9Moist Heat Applications to Control Microor-ganisms10Antimicrobial Resistance11Archaeal Extremophiles12Eukaryotic Microorganisms13Replication of Animal Viruses14Disease Transmission15Phagocytosis16Antibodies17Vaccines18Immediate Hypersensitivity

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viPREFACE19Tuberculosis20Bacterial Meningitis21Syphilis22Systemic Mycoses23Intestinal Protozoan Parasites24Herpes Simplex Virus25Viral Hepatitis26Microbial Roles in Food Production27Microbial Ecology and Biogeochemical Cy-clesA list of Interactive Microbiology topics follows:Interactive Microbiology TitleBiofilms and Quorum SensingOperonsComplementAntimicrobial Resistance – MechanismsAntimicrobial Resistance – SelectionAerobic Respiration in ProkaryotesThe Human MicrobiomeA list of video tutor topics follows, organized by chapter:ChapterVideo Tutor Title1The Scientific Method2The Structure of Nucleotides3Bacterial Cell Walls4The Light Microscope5Electron Transport Chains6Bacterial Growth Media7Initiation of Translation8Action of Restriction Enzymes9Principles of Autoclaving10Actions of Some Drugs That Inhibit Prokaryotic Protein Synthesis11Arrangements of Prokaryotic Cells12Principles of Sexual Reproduction in Fungi13The Lytic Cycle of Viral Replication14Some Virulence Factors15Inflammation16Clonal Deletion17ELISA18Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn19Necrotizing Fascitis19Listeriosis,19Tuberculosis

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PREFACEvii20Bacterial urinary Tract Infections21Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever22Candidiasis23Giardiasis23Malaria24Warts (Papillomas)25Hemorrhagic Fevers (Ebola)25InfluenzaA list of MicroFlix and BioFlix topics follows, organized by chapter:ChapterMicroFlix Title5Metabolism7DNA Replication16ImmunologyChapterBioFlix Title3Tour of an Animal Cell7Protein Synthesis12Mitosis12MeiosisA list of Microbiology Animation topics follows, organized by chapter:ChapterMicrobiology Animation Title3Active Transport: Overview3Active Transport: Types3Flagella: Arrangement3Flagella: Movement3Flagella: Structure3Membrane Permeability3Membrane Structure3Motility: Overview3Passive Transport: Principles of Diffusion3Passive Transport: Special Types of Diffusion3Flagella: Spirochetes4Dichotomous Keys: Overview4Dichotomous Keys: Practice4Dichotomous Keys: Sample with Flowchart4Electron Microscopy4Light Microscopy4Microscopy and Staining: Overview4Staining5Electron Transport Chain: Factors Affecting ATP Yield5Electron Transport Chain: Overview

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viiiPREFACE5Electron Transport Chain: The Process5Enzymes: Competitive Inhibition5Enzymes: Overview5Enzymes: Steps in a Reaction5Enzymes: Competitive Inhibition5Enzyme-Substrate Interaction: Non-Competitive Inhibition5Fermentation5Glycolysis: Overview5Glycolysis: Steps5Krebs Cycle: Overview5Krebs Cycle: Steps5Metabolism: Overview5Metabolism: The Big Picture5Oxidation-Reduction Reactions5Photosynthesis: Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes5Photosynthesis: Light Independent Reaction5Photosynthesis: Cyclic Photophosphorylation5Photosynthesis: Noncyclic Photophosphorylation5Photosynthesis: Overview6Bacterial Growth Curve6Bacterial Growth: Overview6Bacterial Growth: Binary Fission7Conjugation: Chromosome Mapping7Conjugation: F Factor7Conjugation: Hfr Conjugation7Conjugation: Overview7DNA Replication: Forming the Replication Fork7DNA Replication: Overview7DNA Replication: Replication Proteins7DNA Replication: Synthesis7Horizontal Gene Transfer: Overview7Mutagens7Mutations: Repair7Mutations: Types7Operons: Induction7Operons: Overview7Operons: Repression7Transcription: Overview7Transcription: The Process7Transduction: Generalized Transduction7Transduction: Specialized Transduction7Transformation7Translation: Overview

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PREFACEix7Translation: The Genetic Code7Translation: The Process7Transposons: Complex Transposons7Transposons: Insertion Sequences7Transposons: Overview8PCR: Components8PCR: The Process8Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR): Overview8Recombinant DNA Technology10Antibiotic Resistance: Forms of Resistance10Antibiotic Resistance: Origins of Resistance10Chemotherapeutic Agents: Modes of Action11Bacterial Growth: Overview11Photosynthesis: Comparing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes13Prions: Characteristics13Prions: Diseases13Prions: Overview13Viral Replication: Animal Viruses13Viral Replication: Overview13Viral Replication: Temperate Bacteriophages13Viral Replication: Virulent Bacteriophages14Epidemiology: Occurrence of Diseases14Epidemiology: Overview14Epidemiology: Transmission of Disease14Nosocomial Infections: Overview14Nosocomial Infections: Prevention14Phagocytosis: Microbes that Evade It14Virulence Factors: Endotoxins14Virulence Factors: Enteric Pathogens14Virulence Factors: Exotoxins14Virulence Factors: Hiding from Host Defenses14Virulence Factors: Inactivating Host Defenses14Virulence Factors: Penetrating Host Tissues15Complement System: Activation15Complement System: Overview15Complement System: Results15Host Defenses: Overview15Inflammation: Overview15Inflammation: Steps15Phagocytosis: Mechanism15Phagocytosis: Overview16Antigen Processing and Presentation: MHC16Antigen Processing and Presentation: Overview

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xPREFACE16Antigen Processing and Presentation: Steps16Cell-Mediated Immunity: Cytotoxic T Cells16Cell-Mediated Immunity: Helper T Cells16Cell-Mediated Immunity: Overview16Host Defenses: The Big Picture16Humoral Immunity: Antibody Function16Humoral Immunity: Clonal Selection and Expansion16Humoral Immunity: Overview16Humoral Immunity: Primary Immune Response16Humoral Immunity: Secondary Immune Response17Vaccines: Function17Vaccines: Types20Virulence Factors: Enteric Pathogens2.Encourage your students to use the Study Area in Mastering Microbiology.They will find extensive self-study tools there, including:•Three-Step Chapter Guidetakes students through these simple steps: Take aPre-Test, Learn & Practice, and Test Yourself.•Chapter Testshelp students assess prior knowledge and/or preconceptionsof topics relevant to the chapter at hand before students read the chapter.•Practice Quizzes—multiple choice, fill-in-the-blank, and true/false—helpstudents master chapter topics.•Concept Mapshelp students practice building maps to organize concepts in ameaningful, visual way.•MicroFlix3-D movie-quality animations illustrate the three tough topics ofmetabolism, DNA replication, and immunology.•BioFlix3-D movie-quality animations explain basic topics in general biology.•Microbiology Animations with Quizzeshelp students master the toughesttopics in microbiology via interactive, animated tutorials.•Microbiology Videosfeature live-action videos of microorganisms, illustratingmicrobial structures and motility.•Flashcardshelp students review key terms and concepts from the text.•Glossaryallows students to check the definition of bolded terms in the book.•Careersprovides useful information about working in a microbiology-relatedfield; basic research, applied research, and health professions are covered.•Scientific American Quizzeshelp students check their understanding of articlesin the current issues ofMicrobiologymagazine byScientific American.•Pearson eTextprovides the complete text ofMicrobiology with Diseases byTaxonomy, Sixth Edition,in online electronic format.Other Instructor Media ResourcesInstructor Resource Download

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PREFACExi0-135-21066-6/978-0-135-21066-6The Instructor Resource area in Mastering Microbiology (Instructor access) offers awealth of instructor media resources, including presentation art, lecture outlines, testitems, and answer keys—all in one convenient location. These resources help in-structors prepare for class—and create dynamic lectures—in half the time! These in-clude:•All figures from the book with and without labels in both JPEG and Power-Point®formats, the latter including the Label Edit feature•Select “process” figures from the book with the Step Edit feature in Power-Point®format•All tables from the book•MicroLab Tutors, Lab Technique Videos, MicroFlix™and BioFlix™Animations,Microbiology Animations, and Microbiology Videos•PowerPoint®lecture outlines, including figures and tables from the book andlinks to the animations•Active Lecture Clicker Questions•Quiz Show Clicker Questions•The Test Bank as editable Microsoft®Word files•The Test Bank in TestGen®formatUpdates to the Sixth Edition•NEW Micro in the Cliniccase studies at the beginning of each chapter withcritical thinking questions, follow-up discussion, and further questions at theend of the chapter.

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xiiPREFACE•NEW Before You Beginquestions at the beginning of each chapter forstudents to assess whether they are ready for the chapter material.•NEWMicro Checkquestions throughout each chapter to prompt students toreview their understanding of the material they just read.•Disease in Depthspreads feature important and representativediseases for each body system, extending the visual impact of the art programas well as the highly-praised Disease at a Glance features. Each of these sixvisual spreads contains info-graphics, providing in-depth coverage of theselected disease, and referencing Dr. Bauman’s Video Tutors, prompting fur-ther exploration and critical thinking. New Mastering Microbiology®assignableDisease in Depth coaching activities encourage students to apply and test theirunderstanding of key concepts.•Numbered Learning Outcomesin the textbook are used to tag Test Bankquestions and all Mastering assets. In addition to being tagged toLearning Outcomes,all Mastering assessments are tagged to the GlobalScience Learning Outcomes and Bloom’s Taxonomy. The complete MasteringTest Bank is also tagged to Microbiology in Nursing and Allied Health (MINAH)recommended outcomes.•The immunology chapters (Chapters 15–18),which have been and continueto be reviewed in-depth by immunology specialists, reflect the most currentunderstanding of this rapidly evolving field.•NEW micrographs and photosenhance student understanding of the textand boxed features.The following section provides a detailed outline of this edition’s chapter-by-chapterrevisions.THROUGHOUT THE DISEASE CHAPTERS (19–25)•Updated disease diagnoses, treatments, and incidence and prevalence data.•Updated immunization recommendations and suggested treatments for alldiseases.•Expanded coverage of virulence factors.Chapter 1 A Brief History of Microbiology•NEW Before You Begin, two questions at the beginning of the chapter.•Micro in the Clinic case study “Too Much Cake or Something Worse” with criti-cal thinking and follow-up questions•NEW Solve the Problem feature “Smallpox: To Be or Not to Be?” posing ques-tions for class discussion.•Thirteen new Micro Check questions throughout the chapter.•Expanded discussion of the contributions of researchers in Robert Koch’s lab,including Fanny Hesse.•The contribution of Lady Mary Wortly Montagu to the development of vaccineshas been added, along with her portrait.

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PREFACExiii•Eight new photos (1.2, 1.3, 1.11, 1.15, 1.16, 1.17, 1.20, 1.22)•Two figures revised for better pedagogy, clarity, and accuracy (1.10, 1.21)•Updated map showing countries having transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vJCD)•Simplified the language and sentence structure•Added discussion of the contribution of Fanny Hesse to the success of Koch’slaboratory with her introduction of agar•Increased coverage of Florence Nightingale and her accomplishments•Added the work of Lady Mary Worley Montague to the discussion of the de-velopment of vaccination•Introduced the success of gene therapy to treat several inherited immune defi-ciencies•Added to list of current problems in microbiology: Ebola control and the prob-lems associated with emerging diseases•Added a Tell Me Why concerning the accomplishments of Nightingale leadingto consideration of her as “Mother” of Medical Microbiology•Added a critical thinking question concerning the “fatherhood” of microbiology(Leeuwenhoek vs. Pasteur)•Deleted Learning Outcome 1.21 concerning fastest-growing fields withinmicrobiology; this topic is better covered by an instructor in class rather than ina textbookChapter 2 The Chemistry of Microbiology•NEW Before You Begin, two questions at the beginning of the chapter•NEW Micro in the Clinic case study “Can Spicy Food Cause Ulcers” with criti-cal thinking and follow-up questions and answers.•NEW Twenty-four Micro Check questions throughout the chapter.•Representation of ether bond in Table 2.3 clarified for better pedagogy•Clarified that most organisms code for 21 amino acids, though 20 are morecommon•New Learning Outcome regardingelectron shellsandvalence electrons.•Added Learning Outcomes 2.3 regarding the chemistry of carbohydrates andLearning Outcome 2.25 regarding the general structure of amino acidsChapter 3 Cell Structure and Function•NEW Before You Begin, four questions at the beginning of the chapter•NEW Micro in the Clinic case study “Kidney Infection Leading to Mental Confu-sion?” with critical thinking and follow-up questions and answers.•NEW Thirty-three Micro Check questions throughout the chapter.Re-vised and enhanced artwork in eleven figures for enhanced pedagogy(3.2, 3.3, 3.15, 3.16, 3.21, 3.22, 3.23, 3.32, 3.33, 3.37, 3.39).•Enhanced discussion of chemistry and function of lipids in archaeal cytoplas-mic membranes•Clarified thatendotoxinrefers to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which contains thetoxic molecule lipid A

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xivPREFACE•Recognized Lynn Margulis as a proponent of the theory of endosymbiosis•AddedClinical Case Study: The Big Gameabout strep throat

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PREFACExvChapter 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification•NEW Before You Begin, three questions•NEW Micro in the Clinic case study “End of the Camping Trip?” with criticalthinking and follow-up questions and answers.•NEW Sixteen Micro Check questions throughout the chapter.Five othernew/upgraded photos (4.10c, 4.11c, 4.12, 4.18, 4.24).•Revised and enhanced artwork in Figure 4.4 for enhanced pedagogy•Expanded discussion of resolution; immersion oil; the appearance of scanningelectron, scanning tunneling, and atomic force micrographs; mordants; defini-tions of microbial species and serotypes; and the role of George Fox in thediscovery of the archaea and three domains of life•Added contribution of Rebecca Lancefield to serological identification of strep-tococci•Added discussion of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight(MALDI/TOF) mass spectrometry as a method of identification of microbialspecies and diagnoses•At request of reviewers and instructors, reduced complexity and chapter lengthby removing detailed figures for dark field, phase, and scanning electron mi-croscopyChapter 5 Microbial Metabolism•NEW Before You Begin, three questions•NEW Micro in the Clinic case study “Scraped Knee and Loss of a Leg?” withcritical thinking and follow-up questions and answers.•NEW Sixteen Micro Check questions throughout the chapter•Updated artwork of Biosynthesis of a fat, a lipid figure.•One new photo (5.23b)•Revised fifteen figures for greater clarity and better pedagogy (5.3, 5.6, 5.9,5.10, 5.11, 5.12, 5.14, 5.15, 5.17, 5.18, 5.21, 5.22, 5.25, 5.31, Concept map)•Revised textual explanation of glycolysis to make it more clear and pedagogi-cally efficient•Fully adopted current namecitric acid cycleinstead of eponymousKrebs cycleChapter 6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth•NEW Before You Begin, four questions•NEW Micro in the Clinic case study “Just A Sore Throat and Cough” casestudy with critical thinking and follow-up questions•NEW Twelve Micro Check questions throughout the chapter.•NEW Solve The Problem “The Microbes Ate My Homework”•New Emerging Disease Case Study:Vibrio vulnificusInfection•New figure depicting quorum sensing (Fig. 6.7)

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xviPREFACEChapter 7 Microbial Genetics•NEW Before you Begin five questions•NEW Micro in the Clinic case study with critical thinking and follow-up ques-tions.•Upgraded twenty-two figures for greater clarity, accuracy, ease of reading,and better pedagogy (7.1, 7.5, 7.6, 7.8, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11, 7.12, 7.13, 7.15, 7.16,7.17, 7.18, 7.19, 7.20, 7.21, 7.25, 7.26, 7.27, 7.28, 7.29, 7.33)•One new figure concerning termination of translation (7.20)•Added new Learning Outcome (7.7) concerning the concept that nucleotidebase complementarity ensures precise and accurate DNA replication•Added critical thinking question to Figure 7.13 concerning central dogma ofgenetics•Noted some contributions of Esther Lederberg to microbial genetics(development of replica plating and the discovery of the F plasmid)•Clarified the structure of eukaryotic chromosomes•Added termconstitutive genesto contrast with operon genes•Moved Beneficial Microbes: Life in a Hot Tub (Taq polymerase) to chapter 8where its direct application for PCR is more apparent•Moved Emerging Disease Case Study:Vibrio vulnificusInfection to chapter 6:the microbe’s use of quorum sensing increases its virulenceChapter 8 Recombinant DNA Technology•NEW Before you Begin, four questions•NEW Micro in the Clinic case study with critical thinking and follow-up ques-tions.•Two figures revised for improved pedagogy (Figures 8.7, 8.8)•One new figure illustrating a form of CRISPR (8.4)•Modified Table 8.1 to more accurately depict restriction sites•Added seven NEW Learning Outcomes concerning CRISPR, uses ofsynthetic nucleic acids, PCR, fluorescentin situhybridization (FISH),functional genomics, Sanger sequencing, and next generation sequencing•Deleted figures for Southern blots and Sanger automated DNA sequencing asthese techniques are more historical than current•Enhanced or added discussion of restriction enzymesHaeIII andMspI;CRISPR-Cas; real-time PCR (RT-PCR); Sanger sequencing methods; nextgeneration DNA sequencing (NGS), including pyrosequencing and fluorescentmethods; functional genomics; microbiomes; transcriptomics, metabolomics,biomedical animal models; heat shocking for the uptake of DNA; and success-ful gene therapies•Moved Beneficial Microbes: Life in a Hot Tub (Taq polymerase) fromChapter 7 to Chapter 8 where its direct application for PCR is more apparent•Fully adopted current namerecombinant DNA technologyinstead of some-times controversial or problematicgenetic engineering•Added two end of chapter questions over CRISPR

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