Microbiology With Diseases By Taxonomy, 4th Edition Test Bank

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ExamName___________________________________MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.1)Which of the following was NOT an aspect of Pasteur's experiments to disprove spontaneousgeneration?1)A)The necks of the flasks he used were bent into an S-shape.B)The flasks were free of microbes until they were opened.C)He boiled the infusions to kill any microbes present.D)The flasks were incubated for very long periods of time.E)The flasks he used were sealed with corks.Answer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)2)The study of the occurrence, distribution, and spread of disease is known as2)A)biotechnology.B)biochemistry.C)serology.D)immunology.E)epidemiology.Answer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)3)Work by ________ laid the foundations of the field of environmental microbiology.3)A)Beijerinck and WinogradskyB)Pauling and WoeseC)Redi and SpallanzaniD)Lister and SemmelweisE)Koch and PasteurAnswer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)1

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4)What must one have before designing and conducting experiments?4)A)a hypothesisB)popular opinionC)a theoryD)scientific lawE)a complete set of dataAnswer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)5)Whose search for chemicals that would kill microbes without harming humans was the foundationfor chemotherapy?5)A)EhrlichB)KochC)PasteurD)ListerE)GramAnswer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)6)Antoni van Leeuwenhoek was the first person in history to6)A)disprove spontaneous generation.B)use a magnifying glass.C)view microorganisms and record these observations.D)use the germ theory of disease.E)develop a taxonomic system.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)7)Microorganisms characterized by the absence of a nucleus are called7)A)prokaryotes.B)viruses.C)pathogens.D)fungi.E)eukaryotes.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)2

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8)Robert Koch was involved in research on all of the following topics EXCEPT8)A)the cause of fermentation.B)the cause of anthrax.C)techniques for isolating microbes in the laboratory.D)the cause of tuberculosis.E)development of a method to determine the cause of an infectious disease.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)9)The term for the use of microorganisms to restore damaged environments is9)A)epidemiology.B)ecology.C)serology.D)chemotherapy.E)bioremediation.Answer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)10)Which of the following is anINCORRECTpairing?10)A)fungi; cell wallsB)protozoa; multicellularC)prokaryotes; no nucleiD)viruses; acellular parasitesE)algae; aquatic and marine habitatsAnswer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)11)The microbes commonly known as ________ are single-celled eukaryotes that are generally motile.11)A)virusesB)archaeaC)protozoaD)fungiE)bacteriaAnswer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)3

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12)What is the correct order for the application of Koch's postulates?I.Inoculate suspect agent into test subject and observe that subject develops disease of interest.II.Isolate and culture suspect agent in the laboratory.III.Find suspect agent is every case of disease of interest but not in healthy hosts.IV.Recover and isolate suspect agent from test subject.12)A)III, I, IV, IIB)IV, I, III, IIC)IV, I, II, IIID)I, II, III, IVE)III, II, I, IVAnswer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)13)Which of the following scientists provided evidence in favor of the concept of spontaneousgeneration?13)A)NeedhamB)BuchnerC)PasteurD)RediE)SpallanzaniAnswer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)14)The term ________ refers to an infection acquired in a health care setting.14)A)nosocomialB)spontaneous generationC)archaeaD)abiogenesisE)bioremediationAnswer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)15)What was the first disease shown to be bacterial in origin?15)A)anthraxB)choleraC)tuberculosisD)yellow feverE)malariaAnswer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)4

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16)What scientist first hypothesized that gene sequences could provide new insights into evolutionaryrelationships among all organisms (including microbes)?16)A)EhrlichB)PaulingC)AveryD)WoeseE)KluyverAnswer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)17)Which of the following individuals pioneered the use of chemicals to reduce the incidence ofinfections during surgery?17)A)SemmelweisB)NightingaleC)SnowD)EhrlichE)ListerAnswer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)18)Which of the following statements concerning Koch's postulates isFALSE?18)A)Koch's postulates involve the experimental infection of susceptible hosts.B)The suspected pathogen may not be present in all cases of the disease being studied.C)Koch's postulates cannot be used to demonstrate the cause of all diseases.D)All of Koch's postulates must be satisfied before an organism can be shown to cause aparticular disease.E)A suspected pathogen must be able to be grown in the laboratory.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)19)Who discovered penicillin?19)A)PasteurB)EhrlichC)KitasatoD)FlemingE)DomagkAnswer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)5

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20)All of the following were involved in developing the germ theory of disease EXCEPT20)A)Pasteur.B)Koch.C)Pauling.D)Snow.E)Fracastoro.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)21)Louis Pasteur demonstrated that fermentation to produce alcohol is caused by21)A)obligate parasites.B)aerobes.C)archaea.D)prokaryotes.E)facultative anaerobes.Answer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)22)The first true vaccine protected against disease caused by a(n) ________ pathogen.22)A)bacterialB)protozoalC)viralD)archaealE)fungalAnswer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)23)The term that literally means "against putrefaction" is23)A)antisepsis.B)prokaryote.C)recombinant technology.D)nosocomial.E)chemotherapy.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)6

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24)Which of the following questions largely stimulated the research of microbes during what is knownas the Golden Age of Microbiology?24)A)How can microorganisms be seen?B)What causes disease, and is spontaneous generation of microbes possible?C)How do genes work?D)How are microbes related?E)How should living organisms be classified?Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)25)All of the following individuals were involved in improving public health in the 19th centuryEXCEPT25)A)Semmelweis.B)Lister.C)Spallanzani.D)Nightingale.E)Snow.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)26)John Snow's research during a cholera outbreak in London laid the foundation for which of thefollowing branches of microbiology?26)A)immunology onlyB)infection control onlyC)epidemiology onlyD)both infection control and epidemiologyE)infection control, epidemiology, and immunologyAnswer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)7

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27)Parasitic worms, even meters-long tapeworms, are studied in microbiology because27)A)no one else wants to study them.B)the Gram stain can be used to identify them.C)Leeuwenhoek first discovered them.D)they are parasites.E)diagnosis usually involves microscopic examination of patient samples.Answer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)28)According to Kluyver and van Niel, which of the following are true of basic biochemical reactions?28)A)There are an unlimited number of them.B)They are shared by all living things.C)They primarily involve transfers of chemical groups.D)They primarily involve the transfer of electrons and ions.E)Basic biochemical reactions shared by all living things primarily involve transfer of electronsand hydrogen ions.Answer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)29)Who demonstrated that fermentation could occur in the absence of intact cells?29)A)KochB)ListerC)PasteurD)BuchnerE)WoeseAnswer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)30)The term ________ involves the study of the blood components that fight infection.30)A)antisepsisB)serologyC)etiologyD)chemotherapyE)bioremediationAnswer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)8

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31)Which of the following statements about fungi is FALSE?31)A)Fungi are photosynthetic.B)Molds are multicellular.C)Fungi have a cell wall.D)Fungi are eukaryotes.E)Yeasts are unicellular.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)32)Which of the following types of microbe was NOT observed by Leeuwenhoek?32)A)fungusB)protozoanC)algaD)prokaryoteE)virusAnswer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)33)Pasteur's experiments on fermentation laid the foundation for33)A)epidemiology.B)antisepsis.C)industrial microbiology.D)immunology.E)abiogenesis.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)34)The study of the body's defenses against pathogens is called34)A)chemotherapy.B)epidemiology.C)etiology.D)immunology.E)molecular biology.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)9

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35)Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of protozoa?35)A)They frequently possess cilia or flagella.B)Most exhibit asexual reproduction.C)They are all photosynthetic.D)They are single-celled organisms.E)They are eukaryotic organisms.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)36)Which of the following statements about algae is FALSE?36)A)They are photosynthetic organisms.B)They are important in the degradation of dead plants and animals.C)They are a source of food for aquatic and marine animals.D)They provide most of the oxygen on Earth.E)The group includes seaweeds and kelps.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)37)Which of the following is NOT an observation Pasteur made concerning the fermentation of grapejuice?37)A)Yeast can grow with or without oxygen.B)Yeast cells can grow and reproduce in grape juice.C)Some bacteria may produce acid in grape juice.D)Yeast can grow in sealed or open flasks of grape juice.E)Pasteurization kills yeast to prevent spoilage of grape juice.Answer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)10

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38)The work of Lister, Nightingale, and Semmelweis all contributed to controlling infectious diseaseby38)A)identifying the sources of infectious agents.B)developing methods for reducing nosocomial infections.C)determining the taxonomic relationships among microbes.D)developing techniques for isolating pathogens.E)developing vaccines.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)39)Semmelweis advocated handwashing as a method of preventing which of the following diseases?39)A)syphilisB)smallpoxC)anthraxD)choleraE)puerperal feverAnswer:EExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)40)Identification of bacteria in the laboratory usually begins with the ________ for placement in one oftwo large groups of bacteria.40)A)Koch's stainB)Petri stainC)Ehrlich magic testD)Gram stainE)Pasteur fermentation testAnswer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)11

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41)Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?41)A)They are composed of genetic material and protein.B)They are obligatory parasites.C)They are acellular.D)They are visible with a light microscope.E)They are smaller than prokaryotic cells.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)42)Inserting a gene from the hepatitis B virus into yeast so that the yeast produces a viral protein is anexample of42)A)microbial genetics.B)genetic engineering.C)gene therapy.D)immunology.E)etiology.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)43)Paul Ehrlich used chemotherapy to treat43)A)smallpox.B)anthrax.C)cholera.D)syphilis.E)cancer.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)E)SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.44)Microbes that cause infectious disease are called (pathogens/germs/viruses).44)Answer:pathogensExplanation:45)A term synonymous with immunization, (vaccination/infection) is derived from the Latinname of the cowpox virus.45)Answer:vaccinationExplanation:12

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46)The development of molecular biology has made possible the application of (genomesequencing/gene sequences/gene sequencing) to provide a better understanding of therelationships between organisms.46)Answer:gene sequencingExplanation:47)The desire to prevent (infection /disease/sepsis), literally "putrefaction," resulted in manydevelopments leading to modern medicine.47)Answer:sepsisExplanation:48)A scientist conducts experiments to test a(n) (observation/hypothesis/theory).48)Answer:hypothesisExplanation:49)A(n) (photosynthetic/algae/plant) organism makes its own food using light energy.49)Answer:photosyntheticExplanation:50)The amateur scientist (Koch/Leeuwenhoek/Pasteur) made his own microscopes and firstreported the existence of microbes.50)Answer:LeeuwenhoekExplanation:51)A (colony/habitat/biofilm) is a community of microbes growing on surfaces.51)Answer:biofilmExplanation:52)The use of chemicals to treat diseases such as bacterial infections is called (genetherapy/chemotherapy).52)Answer:chemotherapyExplanation:53)Ignaz Semmelweis demonstrated the importance of (antisepsis/vaccination/washing) as ameans of preventing disease transmission.53)Answer:washingExplanation:54)A cell that contains a nucleus is called a(n) (prokaryotic/archaeal/eukaryotic) cell.54)Answer:eukaryoticExplanation:55)Spallanzani's experiments contradicted the experiments of (Needham/Redi/Pasteur) onspontaneous generation.55)Answer:NeedhamExplanation:13

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56)The (physiology/metabolism) of an organism is all the chemical reactions that take place inthe organism.56)Answer:metabolismExplanation:57)Research done in Robert Koch's laboratory laid the foundation for(epidemiology/immunology/etiology), the study of the body's defenses against disease.57)Answer:immunologyExplanation:58)Organisms such as bacteria that can convert atmospheric nitrogen into nitrate are oftenstudied in (environmental/bioremediation/ecologic) microbiology.58)Answer:environmentalExplanation:TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.59)Fermentation can occur in the absence of living cells.59)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:60)Lazzaro Spallanzani was the first scientist to provide evidence disproving the spontaneousgeneration of microorganisms.60)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:61)The production of human blood-clotting factor byE. coliis an example of bioremediation.61)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:62)Microbiologists study only single-celled organisms.62)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:63)Louis Pasteur is considered the Father of Microbiology because of the many carefully conductedexperiments and observations he made with microbes.63)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:64)Koch's postulates can be used only to determine the causes of infectious diseases.64)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:65)Christian Gram devised a staining technique that divides all bacteria into two groups.65)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:66)Robert Koch developed a vaccine to prevent anthrax after identifying the causative agent.66)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:14

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67)Joseph Lister reduced the incidence of wound infections in health care settings by using chlorinatedlime water.67)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:68)Gene therapy is a modern approach to preventing infectious disease.68)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.69)Compare and contrast the three types of eukaryotic microbes.Answer:The three types of eukaryotic microbes are fungi, protozoa, and algae. Because they are all composed ofeukaryotic cells, they have basic similarities in cellular structure, including the presence of a nucleus.However, these types of microbes differ in many ways as well. In terms of their nutrition, fungi andprotozoa obtain their food from other organisms, whereas algae can make their own food throughphotosynthesis (a few protozoa also carry out photosynthesis). Algae and fungi can be multicellularorganisms, but protozoa are found only as single-celled organisms. Protozoa are unique among the threein that they are animal-like in their characteristics, including movement. Algae are most like plants andare found in primarily water-based environments.70)Explain how the discipline of biochemistry grew out of the science of microbiology.Answer:Some of the first experiments in biochemistry are attributed to Louis Pasteur in his research on the causesof fermentation. His research was extended by Eduard Buchner, who showed that enzymes produced bymicrobial cells are responsible for the phenomenon of fermentation. Later, in the early 20th century,Kluyver and van Niel advocated the use of microbes in research on basic biochemical reactions, whichthey maintained are common to all living things. Further advances in biochemistry were made asmicrobiologists such as Beadle and Tatum and Avery and his colleagues explored the nature of thegenetic material and its function using microorganisms as model systems.71)Use the basic steps of the scientific method to describe Pasteur's experiments to investigate spontaneousgeneration.Answer:The observation that life seemed to appear from non-life led some scientists to believe in the theory ofspontaneous generation. However, Pasteur among others believed in biogenesis: that life must comefrom life. The question Pasteur hoped to answer was "Where do microbes come from?" (step 1). Pasteur'shypothesis (step 2) was that the "parents" of microbes were present in the air on dust particles. In hisexperiments (step 3) he used swan-necked flasks, which were designed to prevent microbes fromentering the sterile broth inside them. He observed that the broth remained sterile in the control flaskeven though air could move into and out of the flask. The experimental flasks were also swan-necked,but they were tilted to allow the dust that had settled to enter the flask. The control flasks stayed sterile,and the experimental flasks became cloudy. These observations led Pasteur to accept his hypothesis (step4). He concluded that the microbes came from the dust and that spontaneous generation was thereforenot a valid theory.72)Biotechnology can be said to have ancient roots. Explain.Answer:Biotechnology is the use of microbes to yield beneficial products. Humans have used microbes to theirbenefit for millennia in producing beer and wine, which were often safer to drink than the availablewater, and in preserving foods. Examples of the latter include the production of wine, which essentiallypreserved fruit juices, and of cheese and yogurt, which extended the storage life of milk products. Soysauce and other fermented sauces were also preserved by fermentation and were later shown to enhancethe flavors of certain foods.15

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