Comprehensive Assessment of the Breasts, Axillae, and Reproductive System: Health History, Examination, and Risk Factors

Review of clinical assessment procedures for reproductive health.

Violet Stevens
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Comprehensive Assessment of the Breasts, Axillae, andReproductive System: Health History, Examination, and RiskFactorsBreasts and Axillae: Inspect Breasts Abnormal Findings-marked asymmetry-rapid changes in size of one couldindicateinflammatory process or growth-dimpling,retraction, or bulging could indicate a malignancy-inflammation may cause surface erythema and heatBreasts and Axillae: Inspect Areolae and Nipples-areolae color ranging from pink to black-areola should beround/oval and appear bilaterally similar-areola may haveslightly raised bumps, hair may be seen-most nipplesprotrude; some may be flat or inverted-nipple inversionnormal if it is not a new finding-smooth, intact withoutevidence of crusting, lesions, bleeding, or dischargeBreasts and Axillae: Inspect Areolae and Nipples AbnormalFindings-rash on one breast-unilateral hyperpigmentation-unilateral venous patterns-areolae that are unequalbilaterally, have an irregular shape, or have lesions or changesin color-nipples that point in different directions or notsymmetric-nipple retraction could suggest malignancy-nipple edema, redness, pigment changes, ulceration orcrusting, erosion or scaling, and wrinkling or cracking-nipple discharge not normalBreasts and Axillae: Female Breast Examination: Inspect-arms over head = breasts are bilaterally symmetric-armsraised, lean forward = breast should hang equally with smoothcontour, and pull = symmetric-patient's hands on hips =symmetryBreasts and Axillae: Female Breast Examination: Inspect

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