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Endocrine System

A comprehensive overview of the endocrine system, covering key glands, hormone functions, and homeostatic mechanisms—ideal for anatomy and physiology students at any stage of their coursework

Daniel Miller
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UNITyhe©.r'FTESLndocrineSystem1RESfoleaaOUJeLa£5pit.aoy|alooheendocrinesystemisapproacheddifferentlyindifferentcourses.ManychooseSeSED,-IeforjamesJuwispsveySateAyAvhomeostaticcontrolmechanisms.However,othersprefertocoverittowardthe5%2“@endofthecourse,sostudentshaveabettergraspoftheanatomyandphysiologyofBa;P“R93othersystems.Forthisreason,wehavestructuredtheexcreiscsinthisunitsuchthattheLBS% unitislargely“standalone,”meaningitcanbeusedwithcitherapproach.aoe35Soo84d.Pre-LabExercises-Pre-Lab16-1KeyTermsryGeneralTerms<QllPrimaryendocrineorgan(gland)Aductlessglandthatplaysamajorrolcin‘maintainingthebody'shomeostasisthroughthesecretionofhormonesintothebloodstreamSComplasontava.HormoneAchemicalmessengersccetedintothebloodstreambyanendocrine(withoutpre-tabperce;Blandthatinitiatesachangeinatargetcell90-120minutesTargettissueTissuewhosecellscontainreceptorsforaparticularhormone~~NegativefeedbackAhomeostaticmechanisminwhichadeviationinaEstimatedTotalLabphysiologicalvariabletriggersaresponsethatrestoresthevariabletoitssctpoint;CompletionTimewhenthesetpointisrestored,theresponsedecreases(includingPre-LabExercises):130-160minutesEndocrineOrgansHypothalamusTheinferiorportionofthediencephalon;releaseshormonesthatstimulateorinhibittheanteriorpituitaryandtwohormones(ADHandoxytocin)storedintheposteriorpituitaryAnteriorpituitaryAnteriorportionofthepituitarygland;secreteshormonesthatlargelyaffectotherglandsPosteriorpituitaryPosteriorportionofthepituitarygland;doesnotmakeitsownhormonesbutratherstoresADHandoxytocinproducedbythehypothalamusThyroidglandGlandlocatedintheanteroinferiorneck;composedofthyroidfolliclesthatproducethyroidhormoneandcalcitoninThyroidfollicleHollowsphereinthethyroidglandthatislinedbyfolliclecellsandfilledwithamaterialcalledcolloidParathyroidglandsThreetofivesmallglandslocatedontheposteriorthyroidgland;secreteparathyroidhormonesthatmaintaincalciumionhomeostasisPinealglandSmallglandlocatedintheposterior/superiordiencephalon;secretes‘melatonininresponsetodecreasedlightlevels

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ThymusAglandlocatedinthesuperiormediastinumthatisthesiteofTlymphocytematuration;largestandmostactiveduringinfancyandchildhoodwhenitisactivelysecretingthymosinandthymopoictinPancreasEndocrineandexocrineglandthatsecretesinsulinandglucagonfrompancreaticisletsPancreaticisletAn“island”ofcellswithinthepancreasthatsecreteshormonessuchasinsulinandglucagonAdrenalcortexSuperficialregionoftheadrenalgland;consistsofglandulartissuethatsccretessteroidhormonesAdrenalmedullaThedeepregionoftheadrenalglandthatconsistsofmodifiedsympatheticneuronsthatsecreteepinephrineandnorepinephrineinresponsetosympatheticstimulationOvariesFemalereproductiveorgansthatproduceestrogensandprogesteroneTestesMalereproductiveorgansthatproducetestosteronePre-Lab16-2EndocrineSystemAnatomy|EstimatedCompletionTime:10min§HpiusInfundibulumoyipliYeadPosteriorpituitaryitIsthmusLarynxThymusTracheaParathyroidglandsPancreasAdrenalcortexAdrenalmedullapra>IfeGNAp2-ohBetacellsncure16.1Organsandtissuesoftheendocrinesystem.

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wee16.1PropertiesofHormonesOrganthatSecretesHormonetheHormone:TargetTissue(s)MainEffectsPosteriorpituitary|CollectingandAntidiuretichormone(madebythepapillaryductsofIncreasedwaterreabsorptionhypothalamus)thekidneysPostcriorpituitaryOxytocin(madcbythe|MilkductsandMilkcjoction;uterinecontractionhypothalamus)uesThyroid-stimulatingLLNProductionandsecretionofthyroidhormoneAntcriorpituitary|Thyroidglandhormone;growthofthyroidglandAdrenocorticotropicPEStimulatessecretionofcortisol(andEmaLet]ITellireerrseialldivision;increasesbloodglucose(short-termGrowthhormoneAnteriorpituitary|Nearlyallbodycells|effectonly;decreasesbloodglucoseinthelong-term),stimulateslipolysis(short-termcffectonly)ReticularformationCaEErteThyroxineandIncreasesmetabolicrateandheattriiodothyronine(4|Thyroidgland|Mostbodycellsproduction;promotesgrowthandandT3)development.DecreasesconcentrationofcalciumfonsinENErBCogEENIncreasesconcentrationofcalciumionsin.Nthebloodbystimulating:(1)osteoclasts,(2)ParathyroidhormoneprHone,Kidneyssmall|reasabsorptionofcalciumionsfrommetheintestines,and(3)reabsorptionofcalciumfonsfromthekidneysMostbodycells,Helpsthebodyadapttoastressorbycortex|Particularlycellsof|triggeringgluconcogencsis,lipolysis,releaseAdrenaltheliver,adipocytes,|ofaminoacidsintotheblood,decreasingandmusclecellsinflammation‘Cellsofthedistal|Increasesreabsorptionofsodiumfous(andAldosteroneAdrenalcortextubulesofthewater,indirectly)andsccretionofpotassiumKidneys‘andhydrogenionsfromthekidneys(continues)

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ate16.1PropertiesofHormones(cont)OrganthatSecretesHormonetheHormone0)MainEffectsEpinephrineandAdrenalmedulla|Mostbodycdl|CausesthesameeffectsasthesympatheticnorepinephrinenervoussystemCENC30=adipocytesbloodglucose.IncreasesbloodglucosethroughLiver,.PRTEPelipolysisMaterialsandPrepNotesExercise16-1EndocrineSystemAnatomyInthisexercise,yourstudentsstudytheanatomyoftheendocrinesystem.Theanatomyinthisunitisspreadoutamongavarietyofmodels,whichcanmakethisportionofthelabfrustratingforstudents.Wehavehadthebestluck‘withhumantorsomodelsandheadandneckmodels.CarolinaBiologicalhasendocrineplatesaswell,althoughmystudentshavecommentedthattheyscemtobelittlemorethanthree-dimensionalillustrations.Procedure1ModelInventoryoftheEndocrineSystemMATERIALS{11Anatomicalmodelsanddiagramsoftheendocrinesystem:endocrinesystemplates;humantorsos;pancreas,spleen,and‘duodenum;headandneck:andfetusforthethymusExercise16-2EndocrineOrganHistologyStudentsexaminethemicroscopicstructuresofthethyroidgland,adrenalgland,andpancreasinthisexercise.ThethyroidglandslideisincludedwiththeTissueTypesMicroscopeSlideSet(CarolinaBiological#312148),butthepancreasandadrenalglandmustbepurchasedseparately.Procedure1ExaminingEndocrineTissueswithMicroscopyMATERIALS1Microscopeslides:thyroidgland,adrenalgland(CarolinaBiological#316766),andpancreas(CarolinaBiological#315478[human]or#315442[mammal]);onesetpergroupJLightmicroscopeswiththreeobjectives:1)ColoredpencilsExercise16-3TimetoTrace!NegativeFoadbackLoops“Thisexerciseallowsstudentstoexamineendocrinenegativefeedbackloopsthatplaysuchacriticalroleinendocrine‘maintenanceofhomeostasis.Duetoanswerstothisactivityappearingonline,thiseditionfeaturesfourallnewfeedbackloops.Procedure1TracingNegativePeedbackLoopsMATERIALSNonerequired
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