Nursing Research: Methods And Critical Appraisal For Evidence-Based Practice, 8th Edition Test Bank

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Chapter 01: Integrating Research, Evidence-Based Practice, and Quality Improvement
Processes
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Nursing research is significant to the profession of nursing because it promotes what?
a. More specifically defined nursing practice responsibilities
b. Decreased liability within the practice of nursing
c. Generation of a specialized body of nursing knowledge for use in nursing practice
d. Expansion of the scope of nursing practice into areas formerly reserved for other
disciplines
ANS: C
Feedback
A Research aids in documenting accountability of nurses, but professional
guidelines already exist regarding responsibility. Each state has a Nurse Practice
Act with rules and regulations that define scope of practice.
B Liability is a legal concept related to a nurse’s legal scope of practice and
professional standards of practice. Research does not change a nurse’s liability.
C Nursing research generates a specialized scientific knowledge base that
empowers the nursing profession to anticipate and meet constantly shifting
challenges of health care delivery to multiple populations. It provides a
foundation for evidence-based nursing care and quality improvement activities.
D Although research can document nursing accountability, each state’s Nurse
Practice Act defines the scope of nursing practice for that state.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 6
2. Which aspect of the scientific investigation of nursing practice is also a fundamental concept
of American Nurses Association (ANA)’s Code for Nurses?
a. Professional accountability
b. Standards of care
c. Legal scope of practice
d. Advanced practice nursing activities
ANS: A
Feedback
A Scientific investigation promotes accountability, a hallmark of the nursing
profession and a fundamental concept of the ANA’s Code for Nurses.
B Standards of care are defined by ANA, as well as specialty nursing
organizations. The Code for Nurses states that nurses should conform to
standards, but standards per se are not part of the Code.
C Legal scope of practice is defined by each state’s Nurse Practice Act and
elaborated in its rules and regulations.
D The ANA Code applies to nursing practice in general, not advanced practice.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: Page 6
3. Nurses who do not conduct research need to understand the nursing research process for
which of these reasons?
a. To identify potential subjects for clinical research studies
b. To assist as accurate data collectors in clinical research studies
c. To teach patients and their families about the usefulness of consenting to
participate in research
d. To be able to evaluate nursing research reports for relevance to their own clinical
practice
ANS: D
Feedback
A Subject identification is determined by the nurse researcher.
B Data collectors need to understand their role in the study; they do not need to
understand the entire research process.
C Subject recruitment is the responsibility of the nurse researcher.
D Nurses need to understand the research process in order to critically read
research reports and determine if nursing practice should incorporate the
research findings as valid evidence.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 7
4. Which of these actions demonstrates the role of a knowledgeable consumer of nursing
research?
a. Designing a nursing research study
b. Analyzing data to determine a study’s outcomes
c. Evaluating the credibility of research findings
d. Implementing an intervention found to be effective in one clinical case study
ANS: C
Feedback
A A consumer uses and applies research to practice but is not responsible for
designing a study.
B A consumer does not conduct data analysis of a study; the study’s primary
investigator analyzes data.
C A consumer of nursing research needs to understand the research process to
determine the merit and relevance of evidence presented in research studies.
D A consumer would not implement an intervention on the basis of a single case
study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 7
5. Members of the nursing staff are to participate in a unit-based clinical research study. Which
research-related actions would be expected of a nurse with a baccalaureate nursing degree?
a. Using critical appraisal skills to understand and assess the steps of the research
process
b. Providing expert nursing consultation about the way in which clinical services are
delivered

c. Developing research methods to monitor and evaluate the quality of nursing
practice in the clinical setting
d. Providing leadership in the application of scientific knowledge to nursing
practice
ANS: A
Feedback
A A baccalaureate-prepared nurse should be able to use skills of critical appraisal
to both understand and appraise the steps of the research process.
B Nurses prepared at the baccalaureate level in nursing are at the bedside
implementing protocols, whereas expert consultation is generally reserved for
nurses prepared at the master’s or higher-degree level (advanced education).
C Developing research methods is generally reserved for nurses with advanced
education.
D Providing leadership in research application is generally reserved for nurses with
advanced education.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 7
6. Which statement describes the role of the nurse in research?
a. Nurses must be prepared at the baccalaureate or higher level of education to have
any role in nursing research.
b. Nurses with master’s or higher levels of education are solely responsible for
applying research to clinical practice.
c. The research role of nurses prepared at both baccalaureate and master’s levels of
education includes critical appraisal skills.
d. Regardless of the nursing education level, only the nurse with the most
comprehensive understanding of statistical methods should interpret research
findings.
ANS: C
Feedback
A Having a role in nursing research or implementing findings is not limited to
nurses with baccalaureate or higher levels of education.
B Nurses with master’s or higher levels of education provide leadership to
supervise how research findings are applied in the clinical area. However, all
levels of nurses can apply research findings to practice.
C To use research in evidence-based practice, the nurse must not necessarily be
able to conduct research but should be able to understand and appraise the steps
of the research process to read the research literature critically and use it to
inform clinical decisions.
D Data analysis is usually conducted by nurses with master’s or higher levels of
education. However, interpretation of research findings can be performed by any
nurse who can critically analyze the research performed.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 7
7. What is the primary value of evidence-based nursing practice?

a. Implementing the most cost-effective nursing practices when providing patient
care
b. Incorporating research findings with clinical expertise when individualizing patient
care
c. Separating nursing research as unique from the research of other disciplines
d. Developing new nursing theories to promote the growth of nursing science
ANS: B
Feedback
A Cost-effective nursing interventions can occur based on evidence, but it is not
the primary value of evidence-based nursing practice.
B Evidence-based practice allows the nurse to systematically integrate the best
available research evidence with individual clinical expertise, as well as the
patient’s values and preferences, when making clinical decisions.
C Developing a unique body of nursing knowledge is important, but it is not the
primary value of developing evidence-based nursing practice. Also, nurse
researchers should be able to collaborate with researchers in other disciplines.
D Developing abstract nursing theory is important, but evidence-based nursing is
focused on the more concrete application of knowledge in clinical practice.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 15
8. A novice nurse researcher is comparing the processes used in nursing research and in
evidence-based practice. What differences, if any, exist between the two processes?
a. As scientific processes, they are fundamentally the same and should result in
parallel outcomes.
b. Both processes involve testing a question with an appropriate design and specific
methodology.
c. In a research study the question is tested with an appropriate design and specific
methodology, whereas in evidence-based practice the question is used to search the
research literature to find answers.
d. In evidence-based practice, qualitative studies are critically appraised to answer a
clinical question, whereas in nursing research, quantitative studies are reviewed to
provide a foundation for the study.
ANS: C
Feedback
A The research process and the evidence-based practice process, though similar,
have fundamental differences as well.
B This definition applies to the research process, not the evidence-based practice
process.
C Nursing research includes developing a design for a study, whether quantitative
or qualitative, reviewing the literature, and carrying out a specific methodology
to find answers to a question. In contrast, evidence-based practice includes a
review of completed research studies to identify answers to a clinical question.
D Both the research process and the evidence-based practice process include
critical review of quantitative and qualitative studies.

DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 15
9. A nurse is analyzing a research article. Where in the article is the nurse likely to find the
research question and study purpose?
a. Introduction
b. Data analysis
c. Findings
d. Data collection
ANS: A
Feedback
A The research question and study purpose is generally found early in the report: in
the abstract, the introduction, or at the end of the literature review or conceptual
framework section.
B The research question and study purpose are defined before the data analysis
section of the research article.
C The research question and study purpose are defined before the findings section
of the research article.
D The research question and study purpose are defined before the data collection
section of the research article.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 18
10. The nurse researcher is conducting a research study using subjects who will be interviewed
regarding their experience with postpartum depression. For which of these reasons would the
researcher select a qualitative, rather than a quantitative, research design?
a. Quantitative research is usually conducted in natural settings using data that are
words rather than numbers.
b. Qualitative research seeks to explain cause-and-effect relationships between
variables.
c. Quantitative research typically uses a convenience sample, seeking to answer a
clinical question about a human experience.
d. Qualitative research collects data from a small number of subjects, allowing for
in-depth study of a phenomenon.
ANS: D
Feedback
A Qualitative, not quantitative, research is usually conducted in natural settings
using data that are words rather than numbers.
B Quantitative, not qualitative, research seeks to explain cause-and-effect
relationships between variables.
C Qualitative, not quantitative, research seeks to answer a question about a human
experience.
D Qualitative research typically collects data from a small number of subjects, thus
allowing for in-depth study of a phenomenon while using a subjective approach.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: Page 8

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11. The nurse is analyzing a research article. To determine if an integrative review was performed
as part of the study, the nurse must understand that this type of review is what?
a. A summary of research studies on a focused topic that used a specific statistical
methodology
b. A synthesis of the research and theoretical literature on a specific area without a
statistical analysis
c. A synthesis of qualitative articles on a focused topic using a specific qualitative
methodology
d. A summary of articles in an attempt to develop a clinical practice statement or
clinical guidelines
ANS: B
Feedback
A Meta-analysis summarizes articles on a focused topic that used a specific
methodology.
B An integrative review is a synthesis of research or theoretical literature on a
specific area that follows specific steps of literature integration without statistical
analysis.
C Meta-synthesis is a synthesis of qualitative articles on a focused topic using
specific qualitative methodology.
D Clinical guidelines are practice statements designed to assist clinicians about
health care decisions for specific conditions or situations.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: Page 21
12. When assessing the strength of a body of evidence used in a research study for consistency,
the nurse should determine what?
a. Extent to which the study’s design, implementation, and analysis minimize bias
b. Number of studies that have evaluated the research question, including overall
sample size across studies
c. Degree to which studies with similar and different designs investigated the same
research questions and report similar findings
d. Significance of the findings based on the statistical methods used for data analysis
ANS: C
Feedback
A Quality refers to the extent to which the study’s design, implementation, and
analysis minimize bias.
B Quantity refers to the number of studies that have evaluated the research
question, including overall sample size across studies.
C Consistency is the degree to which studies that had similar and different designs
(but investigate the same research question) reported similar findings.
D Quantity refers to the strength of the findings in the statistical analyses.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: Page 16
13. The nurse is analyzing a qualitative research article. In which section of the article is the nurse
likely to find a summary of legal-ethical issues considered in the study?

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a. Data collection or procedures
b. Findings or results
c. Discussion or implications
d. Abstract or introduction
ANS: A
Feedback
A Legal-ethical issues are typically discussed in the article’s data collection or
procedures section, usually when discussing the sample.
B The research results are typically found in the findings or results sections.
C Recommendations are typically found in the discussion or implications sections.
D The research question and study purpose are typically found in the abstract or
introduction.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: Page 10
14. The nurse is analyzing a qualitative research article. In which section of the article should the
nurse expect to find a discussion of the research findings?
a. Procedures
b. Methods
c. Sample
d. Results
ANS: D
Feedback
A Data analysis is typically included in the data analysis or procedures section.
B Instruments and their validity and reliability are included in the methods or
instruments sections.
C The research sample and legal-ethical issues are included in the sample or
subjects section.
D The discussion of the findings will be located in the results or discussion section.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: Page 10
15. The nurse is using the critical reading process to analyze a research article. The nurse
identifies the main theme of the article and states it in two sentences, using the nurse’s own
words. The nurse is using a strategy to promote which type of understanding?
a. Preliminary
b. Comprehensive
c. Analysis
d. Synthesis
ANS: B
Feedback
A Strategies for preliminary understanding include such activities as using a
dictionary and identifying key variables of the study.
B Strategies for comprehensive understanding include restating the main idea or
theme of the article in one’s own words.

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C Strategies for analysis understanding include using criteria to critique the steps
of the research process used in the study.
D Strategies for synthesis understanding include writing a summary of the
strengths and weaknesses of the study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 11
16. The nurse is using the critical reading process to analyze a research article. The nurse is using
a list of criteria to determine how well the researcher performed each step of the research
process. The nurse is using a strategy to promote which type of understanding?
a. Preliminary
b. Comprehensive
c. Analysis
d. Synthesis
ANS: C
Feedback
A Strategies for preliminary understanding include such activities as highlighting
or underlining identified steps of the research process.
B Strategies for comprehensive understanding include restating the main idea or
theme of the article in one’s own words.
C Strategies for analysis understanding include using criteria to critique the steps
of the research process used in the study.
D Strategies for synthesis understanding include writing a summary of the
strengths and weaknesses of the study.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 11
17. Which of the following is a critical step for the quality improvement process in health care
settings?
a. Outlining general long-range goals
b. Identifying current successful practices
c. Testing practice changes slowly and tentatively
d. Adopting a practice change as a new standard of care
ANS: D
Feedback
A Quality improvement includes identifying specific, immediate goals, not
long-range goals.
B The quality improvement process includes identifying practices that pose
problems, rather than identifying successful practices.
C Quality improvement includes testing practice changes rapidly, not slowly.
D The goal of quality improvement activities is to bring about changes in practice
that will make a positive difference in patient care. Therefore, adopting a
practice change is a critical step in the process.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: Page 22

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MULTIPLE RESPONSE
1. Which statement(s) describe the actions of the baccalaureate nurse graduate as a participant in
the nursing research process? (Select all that apply.)
a. Administering care at the bedside according to a research protocol
b. Providing leadership by helping others apply scientific knowledge to practice
c. Sharing with nursing colleagues research findings that are pertinent to practice
d. Designing and conducting nursing research studies
e. Functioning as a primary investigator for a research study
ANS: A, C
Feedback
Correct Following a research protocol at the bedside is an activity consistent with
the practice of a nurse prepared at the baccalaureate level.
Sharing research evidence with colleagues is an activity consistent with
the practice of a nurse prepared at the baccalaureate level.
Incorrect Leadership related to scientific investigation is more appropriate for a
nurse prepared at the master’s or higher degree level
Designing and conducting research studies are activities more appropriate
for a nurse with doctoral preparation.
Functioning as a primary investigator is an activity appropriate for a nurse
with doctoral preparation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 7
2. Which aspects of the nursing research process are common to nurses at all educational levels?
(Select all that apply.)
a. Disseminating research findings in research reports
b. Maintaining the protection of patients who are subjects in a study
c. Using one’s expertise to develop theoretical explanations for findings
d. Knowing the relationship between research and nursing practice
e. Being a member of a collaborative team that applies research to practice
ANS: B, D, E
Feedback
Correct All nurses are responsible for protecting the rights of patients.
All nurses should be aware that research is related to practice.
All nurses can be a part of a clinical team that applies research to practice.
Incorrect Disseminating research in scientific reports is an activity generally
performed by nurses with master’s or higher educational preparation.
Developing theoretical explanations for findings is an activity generally
performed by nurses with master’s or higher educational preparation.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 7
3. For the baccalaureate nursing student, education in nursing research has which outcomes?
(Select all that apply.)
a. Mastering the development of research protocols
b. Gaining basic understanding of the research process

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c. Learning how research is related to clinical nursing practice
d. Developing skill as a primary investigator in research
e. Becoming a knowledgeable consumer of nursing research
ANS: B, C, E
Feedback
Correct The student should gain an initial understanding of the importance of
research in nursing practice.
The student should learn how research is related to clinical nursing
practice.
The student should learn skills in the critical analysis of research to assist
in decisions about applying research findings in nursing practice.
Incorrect Mastery of research protocol development is generally attained at the
master’s or higher degree level of education.
Developing skill as a primary investigator is generally attained at the
doctoral level of education.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 8
4. Developing nurse researchers at a younger age is a priority for the future in the nursing
profession for which reasons? (Select all that apply.)
a. Enhancing the discipline’s scientific development
b. Increasing the longevity of research careers
c. Receiving more research funding for professional organizations
d. Promoting mentoring opportunities for novice researchers
e. Increasing nursing’s role in pharmaceutical research
ANS: A, B, D
Feedback
Correct Developing young researchers increases the number of researchers
contributing to the science of the discipline.
Introducing nurses to research at a younger age allows them sufficient
time to develop in-depth research programs in their careers.
Introducing nurses to research at a younger age allows them time and
opportunity to be mentored by experienced researchers, as well as to learn
to become mentors themselves.
Incorrect Younger researchers do not guarantee research monies.
Pharmaceutical studies are medical research and are not considered
nursing research studies.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 7

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Chapter 02: Research Questions, Hypotheses, and Clinical Questions
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. What difference, if any, exists between a research question and a hypothesis?
a. A research question is practice based, and a hypothesis is theory based.
b. A hypothesis attempts to answer the question posed by the research problem.
c. A research problem defines clinical research and a hypothesis defines basic
research.
d. There is no difference between a research problem and a hypothesis.
ANS: B
Feedback
A Although a hypothesis is sometimes theory based, sometimes it is not. Similarly,
research questions are not always practice based. Sometimes they originate in
educational theory that relates to nursing education research, and sometimes they
originate in basic, rather than applied, research.
B A hypothesis attempts to answer the research question.
C Research problems are present in all types of research, and a hypothesis may be
present in basic or applied research.
D Hypotheses and research questions are not identical. Hypotheses flow from
research questions and suggest the ways the questions can be investigated.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 26
2. How is a hypothesis related to a theory?
a. Hypotheses can be developed in the absence of a theoretical framework.
b. Hypotheses must be consistent with an existing theoretical framework.
c. A theory can determine the validity of a hypothesis.
d. A theory can be used to evaluate the merit of a hypothesis.
ANS: B
Feedback
A A hypothesis is a bridge between a theoretical framework and the real world of
empirical testing. Therefore, a theoretical framework is required.
B A sound hypothesis is consistent with an existing body of theory and research
findings.
C When tested, a hypothesis can help determine the validity of a theory’s
assumptions—the reverse of option C.
D When tested, a hypothesis can help evaluate a theory’s merit—the opposite of
option D.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 26, 27
3. A nurse makes these statements. Which one has the greatest potential as an area of nursing
research?

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a. “Most of our hospital’s admissions come in at night.”
b. “It is difficult to find personnel willing to work the night shift.”
c. “It seems that most of the patient falls on our unit occur during the night shift.”
d. “The personnel on the night shift are not attending promptly to the needs of our
patients.”
ANS: C
Feedback
A This statement is broad and not specific to patient care. It would need to be
defined in much more detail to have potential for nursing research.
B This broad statement is important to managers responsible for staffing a health
care facility. However, it does not show potential for investigation that would
contribute to the body of nursing knowledge.
C This statement identifies a specific, important patient problem. Its exploration
has potential to contribute to the body of nursing knowledge.
D This is a broad subjective observation that does not suggest any approach for
investigation or potential for contributing to the body of nursing knowledge.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) REF: Page 28
4. The nurse has identified a clinical problem as a potential research question. Which of these
steps should the nurse take next?
a. Identify the variables
b. Formulate the research hypothesis
c. Perform a literature review
d. Determine financial resources for the research project
ANS: C
Feedback
A It is too early to identify variables. They will be confirmed by the literature
review.
B Although the researcher may have a preliminary hunch about the hypothesis, it
cannot be formulated until the research question is formalized after the literature
review is completed.
C The literature review helps to further define the research question by identifying
gaps in the literature, the need for replication of prior research, or the need to
extend the knowledge base in a particular research area. It also identifies
variables essential to consider in refining the research question.
D The financial resources needed for the project cannot be determined until the
study’s design and methodology are finalized.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: Page 28
5. In a research study, what are the properties of interest that differ in value?
a. The study’s variables
b. The study’s concepts
c. The study’s hypotheses

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d. The study’s assumptions
ANS: A
Feedback
A This is the widely accepted and often-cited definition of variables.
B A concept is an abstraction that names an object or phenomenon.
C A hypothesis is a prediction that helps to answer a research question.
D Assumptions are statements accepted as true.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: Page 32
6. A nurse researcher proposes a study of teenage mothers and their experience with postpartum
depression. Which of these considerations would affect the feasibility of the study?
a. Availability of participants
b. Direction of the hypotheses
c. Gaps in the literature
d. Design of the study
ANS: A
Feedback
A A study’s feasibility is determined by practical considerations, such as
availability of subjects, equipment, facilities, and money.
B The direction of the hypothesis is irrelevant to a study’s feasibility.
C Gaps in the literature provide support for the research study and do not affect its
feasibility.
D The design of the study is shaped by the research question and is not directly
related to the study’s feasibility.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 28
7. What is the key difference between independent and dependent variables?
a. The dependent variable should change in response to manipulation by the
independent variable.
b. The independent variable should change in response to manipulation by the
dependent variable.
c. Although both the dependent and independent variables are manipulated, only the
dependent variable is considered an intervention.
d. Although both the dependent and independent variables are manipulated, only the
independent variable is considered an intervention.
ANS: A
Feedback
A Dependent variables change in response to manipulation of independent
variables in experimental research.
B The reverse is accurate. Dependent variables change in response to manipulation
of independent variables in experimental research.
C The independent variable alone is considered an intervention; the dependent

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variable is the consequence or presumed effect.
D The independent variable alone is considered an intervention; the dependent
variable is the consequence or presumed effect.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering (Knowledge) REF: Page 31
8. When designing a research study, the nurse should have which of these understandings about
independent and dependent variables?
a. All research problem statements should contain a dependent and an independent
variable.
b. There should only be one dependent variable associated with a single independent
variable.
c. The relationship between the independent and the dependent variable in any study
should be causal.
d. A given characteristic or situation may be the dependent variable in one study and
the independent variable in another.
ANS: D
Feedback
A Some descriptive studies may have one variable only, and qualitative studies do
not include independent and dependent variables.
B Many studies include more than one independent variable and more than one
dependent variable.
C The relationship between independent and dependent variables is not necessarily
causal. An association between variables need not indicate causality.
D Depending on the particular study, a specific variable may be the dependent or
the independent variable. The causal or associative direction between variables
determines the classification of the variables as independent or dependent.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding (Comprehension) REF: Page 31-32
9. A nurse’s research question is, “How does maternal employment among health care
professionals affect infant health during the first 6 months of life?” In this question, what is
the dependent variable?
a. Infant health
b. Maternal employment
c. First 6 months of life
d. Health care professionals
ANS: A
Feedback
A Infant health is the consequence or presumed effect that changes regarding
maternal employment. Thus it is the dependent variable.
B Maternal employment is presumed to effect a change in the infant’s behavior
(the dependent variable). Thus, maternal employment is the independent
variable.
C The first 6 months of life refers to the time the subjects (mothers and infants)

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will be observed in the study.
D Health care professionals constitute the population to be studied.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) REF: Page 31
10. A nurse has defined the research question as, “How does oral nutritional supplementation
during dialysis treatments affect the serum albumin levels of adult patients who have chronic
kidney disease Stage 5?” In this question, what is the independent variable?
a. Adult patients with chronic kidney disease Stage 5
b. Oral nutritional supplementation
c. During dialysis treatments
d. Serum albumin levels
ANS: B
Feedback
A The population being studied is adult patients with chronic kidney disease Stage
5.
B Oral nutritional supplementation is the intervention administered to effect a
change in the patients’ serum albumin levels. Thus oral nutritional
supplementation is the independent variable.
C The time of the intervention is defined as during dialysis treatments.
D The study expects to affect the serum albumin levels of patients who receive the
intervention. Thus serum albumin levels constitute the dependent variable.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) REF: Page 3
11. A nurse has defined the research question as, “Is there a relationship between self-esteem and
body weight among postmenopausal women?” What type of research-question format (or
research design) is implied by this question?
a. Correlational nonexperimental
b. Comparative nonexperimental
c. Quantitative experimental
d. Grounded theory nonexperimental
ANS: A
Feedback
A Self-esteem and body weight are variables that are related in an associative way.
The word, relationship, strongly suggests correlational design studies.
B A comparative nonexperimental study would compare differences between two
or more groups.
C A quantitative experimental study would include an intervention and measure its
effect numerically.
D A grounded-theory design would measure the meaning or impact of a
phenomenon.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying (Application) REF: Table 2-2

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