1 Answers to Review Questions. "Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong
"Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong,
Answers to Review Questions
NOTE TO INSTRUCTORS: The answers to the questions are included as hidden text in this document. If you
turn on Show Paragraph Marks , you will see the answers to the questions in red at the end of each
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Marks turned on. So please do NOT give out this document in Word format to your students or copy and
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Chapter 1
When applicable, please select all correct answers.
1. Digital data is _____ and analog information is _____.
A. continuous; discrete
B. discrete; continuous
2. Digitization means converting _____ into _____.
3. Converting from analog to digital involves a two-step process: _____ and _____.
4. When analog information is converted to digital data, we must consider two properties that affect the
exactness of the digital representation, one from sampling and one from quantizing. Which of the following is
from sampling?
A. sampling rate
B. bit depth
5. Which of the following refers to the number of allowable levels of digitized data?
A. sampling rate
B. bit depth
6. Which of the following can reduce the file size of digital media?
A. decrease sampling rate
B. increase sampling rate
C. decrease bit depth
D. increase bit depth
7. Our everyday decimal numbering system is base- _____. Computers use base-_____ , which is also known as
the _____ numbering system.
8. The smallest unit in a binary system is a _____ ,
A. bit
B. byte
which refers to a binary digit (i.e., a _____ or a _____.) (Enter a digit or number.)
9. Fill in the blanks with “bit(s)” or “byte(s)”: Eight _____ equals one _____.
10. The word bit comes from the shortening of the words _____ and _____.
11. If you want to use hand signals to communicate only two possibilities—yes or no— to your friend, what is
the minimum number of fingers you need? _____.

2 Answers to Review Questions. "Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong
We may call this hand-signal system _____ -bit.
12. A pixel that can have only one of two possible color values requires _____ bit(s) to store the color
information.
13. If you use a byte to store the grayscale information of each pixel in a grayscale image, how many gray
levels are possible for each pixel?
14. How many bits are in the binary notation 0011010? How many possible values can this many bits
represent?
15. Which of the following sizes is the largest?
A. 24 GB
B. 24 MB
C. 240 MB
D. 2,400 KB
16. Fill in the names and abbreviations for the following:
Name Abbr. Size in bytes
Kilobytes KB 210 = 1,024
17. How many bits is each of the following binary numbers? Also, convert each to a decimal number.
i. 00000000
ii. 0000
iii. 01101000
iv. 0110100
v. 11
vi. 111
vii. 0000000000000010
18. Convert the following decimal numbers into binary.
i. 0
ii. 1
iii. 2
iv. 3
v. 12
vi. 123
vii. 11
viii. 111
ix. 128
x. 255
19. i. Name three general strategies to reduce the size of a digital media file.
ii. Which of these strategies does not necessarily sacrifice the quality of the media file? Why?
20. You should avoid using lossy compression for any file that you want to keep as the start file for further
editing because _____.

3 Answers to Review Questions. "Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong
Chapter 2
When applicable, please select all correct answers.
1. The process of converting from analog to digital information is a two-step process—sampling and
quantizing. In converting an analog image to a digital image, the sampling rate affects _____.
A. the bit depth of the resulting digital image
B. the pixel dimensions of the resulting digital image
2. The process of converting from analog to digital information is a two-step process—sampling and
quantizing. In the quantization step, to convert an analog image to a digital image, _____.
A. a two-dimensional grid is applied on the image and each tiny cell on the grid is converted into a pixel
B. a two-dimensional grid is applied on the image to apply dithering to the image
C. an infinite number of color shades and tones in an analog image is mapped to a finite set of discrete color
values
D. the resulting digital image file is compressed to have a smaller file size
3. Which of the following factors will increase the file size of a digital image?
A. larger pixel dimensions of the image
B. higher color depth
4. A digital image captured at a higher resolution _____ than it would have if it had been captured at a lower
resolution.
A. captures more details
B. has more different colors
C. has a higher bit depth
D. has a larger file size
E. has larger pixel dimensions
F. uses a higher sampling rate
5. A digital image captured at a higher bit depth _____ than it would have if it had been captured at a lower bit
depth.
A. captures more details
B. has more different colors
C. has a larger file size
D. has larger pixel dimensions
E. uses a higher sampling rate
6. The term pixel is contracted from the words _____ and _____.
7. True/False : A pixel is a point sample, not a little square.
8. True/False : An 1-bit color depth allows only black and white colors.
9. An 1-bit color depth allows _____ colors.
10. An 8-bit color depth allows _____ colors.
11. A 24-bit color depth allows _____ colors.
12. Bitmapped images are composed of _____.
A. individual pixels, which represent spatial samples of the image or scene
B. mathematical descriptions of image elements, which include points, lines, curves, and shapes

4 Answers to Review Questions. "Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong
13. Vector graphics are composed of _____.
A. individual pixels, which represent spatial samples of the image or scene
B. mathematical descriptions of image elements, which include points, lines, curves, and shapes
14. The main advantage(s) of bitmapped images over vector graphics is (are) _____.
A. scalability or resolution independence of images
B. ease of editing the image content pixel by pixel
C. more compact file size compared to vector graphics
15. The main advantage(s) of vector graphics over bitmapped images is (are) _____.
A. scalability or resolution independence of images
B. ease of editing the image content pixel by pixel
C. more compact file size compared to bitmapped images
16. Sometimes when you magnify a picture on your computer screen, lines that should be straight lines
appear to be jagged. This effect is called _____.
A. anti-aliasing
B. aliasing
C. dithering
D. indexing
17. Generally speaking, how does the file size change if the total number of pixels of an image is doubled?
18. Generally speaking, how does the file size change if the number of pixels of both the width and height of
an image are doubled?
19. Generally speaking, how does the file size change if the bit depth of an image is increased from 8 bits to 16
bits?
20. Generally speaking, how does the file size change if the bit depth of an image is increased from 8 bits to 24
bits?
21. Give one example of the image file type that supports lossy compression and one that supports lossless
compression.
22. Which of the following are file extensions of pixel-based files?
BMP DOC JPEG TXT PNG GIF FLA
JPG PSD TIFF EPS WMF SWF AI
23. Which of the following are file extensions of vector graphic files?
BMP DOC JPEG TXT PNG GIF FLA
JPG PSD TIFF EPS WMF SWF AI
24. What are the primary colors in the RGB color model?
25. What are the primary colors in the CMY color model?
26. What are the primaries in the HSB color model?
27. Which of the following color models takes the form of a color cube?
A. RGB
B. CMY
C. HSB
D. CIE XYZ

5 Answers to Review Questions. "Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong
28. Which of the following color models takes the form of a hexacone?
A. RGB
B. CMY
C. HSB
D. CIE XYZ
29. Which of the primaries in the HSB color model takes the form of a color wheel?
A. hue
B. saturation
C. brightness
30. What is the color mixing method for the RGB color model?
A. additive
B. subtractive
31. What is the color mixing method for the CMY color model?
A. additive
B. subtractive
32. For the 24-bit color depth, what are the RGB values for
(i) white
(ii) black
(iii) red
(iv) green
(v) blue
(vi) cyan
(vii) magenta
(viii) yellow
(You can use the color picker in your image editing program to confirm your answers.)
33. What are the theoretical CMY values for
(i) white
(ii) black
(iii) red
(iv) green
(v) blue
(vi) cyan
(vii) magenta
(viii) yellow
34. What are the HSB values for
(i) white
(ii) black
(iii) red
(iv) green
(v) blue
(vi) cyan
(vii) magenta
(viii) yellow
(You can use the color picker in your image editing program to confirm your answers.)
35. What is the primary use of the CMYK color model?
36. Why don’t the colors in a printed image look exactly the same as those you see on the
computer screen?

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6 Answers to Review Questions. "Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong
Chapter 3
When applicable, please select all correct answers.
1. What are the different types of scanners?
2. What is the method of acquiring digital images besides scanning?
3. Resampling an image is often referred to as _____.
A. rotating
B. scaling
C. translating
D. repositioning
4. Scaling an image usually deteriorates the image quality somewhat. In four sentences or less, explain why in
terms of what happens to the pixels by scaling up and scaling down.
5. The Apple iPhone 4S camera can take digital photographs with pixel dimensions of 3264  2448 pixels.
i. Show the math that the resolution capability of the camera is 8 megapixels.
ii. Show the math that with these pixel dimensions, the physical dimensions of the printed image are about
10-inch  8-inch if you print it at 300 ppi.
6. Suppose that you scan a 3-inch  5-inch photograph in at a resolution of 300 dpi.
i. What are the pixel dimensions of the scanned image? _____  _____ pixels
ii. What will the physical dimensions of the image be if you print it at 300 ppi, without changing the image’s
pixel dimensions? _____ inches  _____ inches
iii. What will the physical dimensions of the image be if you print it at 600 ppi, without altering the image’s
pixel dimensions? _____ inches  _____ inches
iv. What will the physical dimensions of the image be if you print it at 150 ppi, without altering the image’s
pixel dimensions? _____ inches  _____ inches
v. True/False : You gain image detail if you print the image at 600 ppi as noted in (iii).
vi. True/False: You lose image detail if you print the image at 150 ppi as noted in (iv).
7. True/False: When a digital image is printed, each image pixel is represented by one printer ink dot.
8. The “per inch” in the units dots per inch and pixels per inch is in _____.
A. square inches
B. linear inches
9. True/False: The optimization of tonal adjustment at the time of capturing images—scanning or digital
photography—does not matter because you can always extend the tonal range of the image to any extent
afterward in Photoshop to recover the missing color information.
10. Given here are the general steps of image retouching of a scanned image.
i. Order the steps by labeling 1 through 6.
_____ Adjust the overall contrast or tonal range of the image
_____ Crop and straighten the image
_____ Fine-tune specific parts of the image
_____ Remove color casts
_____ Remove dirt and dust
_____ Sharpen the image
ii. Explain your choice for the first step.
iii. Explain your choice for the last step.

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7 Answers to Review Questions. "Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong
11. Suppose you want to scan part of a photograph to use in a digital collage. The part of the picture you want
to scan is 2-inch  2-inch on the photograph. You want this scanned piece to appear as 6-inch  6-inch in the
final collage that will be printed out at 300 ppi.
If you scan the picture at a resolution insufficient to print it at a size of 6-inch  6-inch at 300 ppi, you will
have to scale up the scanned image, which will deteriorate the image quality and make it look pixelated.
What is the minimal scanning resolution (dpi) you should use to scan this 2-inch  2-inch area so that you do
not have to resize the image to meet the printing requirement?
Show your calculations.
( Tip : First calculate the pixel dimensions of that piece of image needed in the final collage.)
12. What kind of images are GIF files most appropriate for?
A. images with big areas of solid colors
B. continuous-tone photographs
C. images with lots of gradients
13. What kind of images are JPEG files most appropriate for?
A. images with big areas of solid colors
B. continuous-tone photographs
C. images with lots of gradients
14. Shown in Figure 3.42 is a grayscale image and its histogram:
Figure 3.42 (a) A grayscale image. (b) The image’s histogram.
i. Match each of the bars in the histogram to the color it represents. (Draw arrows linking each bar and the
color in the grayscale image in Figure 3.42.)
ii. To maximize the contrast and tonal range of this image, what changes of the sliders should be made? Show
the new positions of the sliders in the histogram provided in Figure 3.42.
iii. Figure 3.42 shows four different adjustments of the sliders made in the grayscale image’s histogram. For
each of the four image outlines in Figure 3.42 , label the areas with the resulting grays. Specify whether it is
black, white, or gray. If it is gray, estimate an RGB value for that gray.

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10 Answers to Review Questions. "Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong
Chapter 4
When applicable, please select all correct answers.
1. A sound with higher _____ is perceived to have a higher pitch.
A. volume
B. frequency
C. fidelity
D. sampling rate
E. bit depth
2. The unit used for measuring _____ is Hertz (Hz).
A. amplitude
B. frequency
C. sampling rate
D. bit depth
E. dynamic range
3. A waveform is a graphical representation of the _____ fluctuations of a sound wave.
A. pressure–time
B. space–time
C. pressure–space
4. The horizontal axis of a waveform is _____.
A. pressure
B. distance
C. time
5. The vertical axis of a waveform is _____.
A. pressure
B. distance
C. time
6. True/False: Zero decibels is when there is absence of sound or no sound wave.
7. The _____ of a sound relates to the sound intensity or loudness.
A. amplitude
B. frequency
C. sampling rate
D. bit depth
E. dynamic range
8. The _____ of a digitized sound affects the accuracy of the sampled amplitudes being stored.
A. amplitude
B. frequency
C. sampling rate
D. bit depth
E. dynamic range
9. In digital audio, the number of sample points taken per second is called the _____.
A. amplitude
B. frequency
C. sampling rate
D. bit depth

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11 Answers to Review Questions. "Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong
E. dynamic range
10. In digital audio, higher resolution means higher ______.
A. amplitude
B. frequency
C. sampling rate
D. bit depth
E. dynamic range
11. How many levels of amplitude values does an 8-bit sound allow?
12. How many levels of amplitude values does a 16-bit sound allow?
13. Generally, the audio CD music sampling rate is _____ and bit depth is _____.
14. True/False: Eight-bit sound is generally considered to be more than adequate for recording music.
15. True/False: MP3 is a good file format to keep as a source file for further editing.
16. Which of the following are audio file formats?
BMP WAV JPEG AIFF MP3 GIF JPG PSD TIFF WMF
17. According to Nyquist’s theorem, we must sample at least _____ points in each sound wave cycle to be able
to reconstruct the sound wave satisfactorily. In other words, the sampling rate of the audio must be at least
_____ of the audio frequency.
18. The reduction of a digital audio file size can be achieved by _____.
A. reducing the sampling rate
B. reducing the pitch of the audio
C. reducing the bit depth
D. reducing the amplitude of the audio
E. applying file compression techniques
19. Higher ______ will result in larger file size.
A. amplitude
B. frequency
C. sampling rate
D. bit depth
E. dynamic range
20. Reducing the sampling rate from 44.1 kHz to 22.05 kHz will _____.
A. have no effect on the file size
B. decrease the file size by half
C. decrease the file size to about 1/22th
D. decrease the file size to about 1/44th
21. Reducing the bit depth from 16 bit to 8 bit will _____.
A. have no effect on the file size
B. decrease the file size by half
C. decrease the file size to 1/8th
D. decrease the file size to 1/16th
22. Reducing the number of channels from two (stereo) to one (mono) will _____.
A. have no effect on the file size
B. decrease the file size by half

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13 Answers to Review Questions. "Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong
Chapter 5
When applicable, please choose all correct answers.
1. True/False: The optimal meter level for recording is going past the red area of the meter.
2. Which type of microphone is most sensitive to sound coming from the front?
A. Undirectional
B. Omnidirectional
3. If you do not know the directional property of a microphone, as a general rule, where do you place the
sound source relative to the microphone?
4. Why is it important to monitor the input level meter during recording?
5. The x -axis of the waveform view represents the ______.
A. amplitude value
B. frequency
C. time
6. The y -axis of the waveform view represents the ______.
A. amplitude value
B. frequency
C. time
7. The x -axis of the spectral view represents the ______.
A. amplitude value
B. frequency
C. time
8. The y -axis of the spectral view represents the ______.
A. amplitude value
B. frequency
C. time
9. The color of the spectral view represents the ______.
A. amplitude value
B. frequency
C. time
10. Which view allows you to inspect the audio frequency distribution over time?
A. Waveform
B. Spectral
C. Multitrack
11. True/False: Application of special effects, such as reverb, to a noisy audio should be done before the
noise reduction.
12. The fade-in and fade-out effects can be created by applying the ______ effect.
A. amplify
B. envelope
C. noise reduction
D. normalize
E. reverb

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14 Answers to Review Questions. "Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong
13. The ______ effect(s) is/are for changing the audio amplitude.
A. amplify
B. envelope
C. noise reduction
D. normalize
E. reverb
14. The ______ effect changes the audio amplitude such that the highest is the amplitude you specify.
A. amplify
B. envelope
C. noise reduction
D. normalize
E. reverb
15. The ______ effect can create a feeling of being in a big auditorium.
A. amplify
B. envelope
C. noise reduction
D. normalize
E. reverb
16. The order of performing noise reduction is: ______, ______, ______, ______.
A. Select the segment of the audio you want to apply noise reduction to.
B. Select a segment that contains pure noise.
C. Have the program perform a statistical analysis of the noise to generate a profile.
D. Have the program reduce the noise of the selected segment based on the noise profile.
17. ______ deals with musical notations, staff, and musical instrument assignments.
A. MIDI
B. Loop music
18. What is the disadvantage of MIDI compared to composing music with loop music?
19. Name several uses of digital audio.
20. In which of the following uses of audio is a smaller file size generally a more crucial consideration?
A. video
B. multimedia authoring
C. playback on the Web
D. music CD
E. podcast
21. In which of the following uses of audio is the audio quality generally a more crucial consideration?
A. video
B. multimedia authoring
C. playback on the Web
D. music CD
E. podcast

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