Solution Manual for Digital Media Primer, 3rd Edition

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1Answers to Review Questions."Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong"Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong,Answers to Review QuestionsNOTE TO INSTRUCTORS: The answers to the questions are included as hidden textin this document. If youturn on Show Paragraph Marks, you will see the answers to the questions in redat the end of eachquestion. As hidden text, the answers will not be printed outbut can be seen withShow ParagraphMarksturned on. So please doNOTgive out this documentinWord formatto your studentsor copy andpaste the question into a Word documentthat will be given toyour students.Chapter 1When applicable, please select all correct answers.1.Digital data is _____ and analog information is _____.A. continuous; discreteB. discrete; continuous2.Digitization means converting _____ into _____.3.Converting from analog to digital involves a two-step process: _____ and _____.4.When analog information is converted to digital data, we must consider two propertiesthat affect theexactness of the digital representation, one from sampling and onefrom quantizing. Which of the following isfrom sampling?A. sampling rateB. bit depth5.Which of the following refers to the number of allowable levels of digitized data?A. sampling rateB. bit depth6.Which of the following can reduce the file size of digital media?A. decrease sampling rateB. increase sampling rateC. decrease bit depthD. increase bit depth7.Our everyday decimal numbering system is base-_____.Computers use base-_____ , which is also known asthe _____ numbering system.8.The smallest unit in a binary system is a _____ ,A. bitB. bytewhich refers to a binary digit (i.e., a _____ or a _____.) (Enter a digit or number.)9.Fill in the blanks with “bit(s)” or “byte(s)”: Eight _____ equals one _____.10.The wordbitcomes from the shortening of the words _____ and _____.11.If you want to use hand signals to communicate only two possibilities—yes or no—toyour friend, what isthe minimum number of fingers you need? _____.

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2Answers to Review Questions."Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling WongWe may callthis hand-signal system _____-bit.12.A pixel that can have only one of two possible color values requires _____ bit(s) tostore the colorinformation.13.If you use a byte to store the grayscale information of each pixel in a grayscale image,how many graylevels are possible for each pixel?14.How many bits are in the binary notation 0011010? How many possible values canthis many bitsrepresent?15.Which of the following sizes is the largest?A. 24 GBB. 24 MBC. 240 MBD. 2,400 KB16.Fill in the names and abbreviations for the following:NameAbbr.Size in bytesKilobytesKB210=1,02417.How many bits is each of the following binary numbers? Also, convert each to adecimal number.i. 00000000ii. 0000iii. 01101000iv. 0110100v. 11vi. 111vii. 000000000000001018.Convert the following decimal numbers into binary.i. 0ii. 1iii. 2iv. 3v. 12vi. 123vii. 11viii. 111ix. 128x. 25519.i. Name three general strategies to reduce the size of a digital media file.ii. Which of these strategies does not necessarily sacrifice the quality of the mediafile? Why?20.You should avoid using lossy compression for any file that you want to keep as thestart file for furtherediting because _____.

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3Answers to Review Questions."Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling WongChapter 2When applicable, please selectallcorrect answers.1.The process of converting from analog to digital information is a two-step process—sampling andquantizing. In converting an analog image to a digital image, the sampling rate affects _____.A. the bit depth of the resulting digital imageB. the pixel dimensions of the resulting digital image2.The process of converting from analog to digital information is a two-step process—sampling andquantizing. In the quantization step, to convert an analog image to a digital image, _____.A. a two-dimensional grid is applied on the image and each tiny cell on the grid isconverted into a pixelB. a two-dimensional grid is applied on the image to apply dithering to the imageC. an infinite number of color shades and tones in an analog image is mapped to afinite set of discrete colorvaluesD. the resulting digital image file is compressed to have a smaller file size3.Which of the following factors will increase the file size of a digital image?A. larger pixel dimensions of the imageB. higher color depth4.A digital image captured at a higher resolution _____ than it would have if it hadbeen captured at a lowerresolution.A. captures more detailsB. has more different colorsC. has a higher bit depthD. has a larger file sizeE. has larger pixel dimensionsF. uses a higher sampling rate5.A digital image captured at a higher bit depth _____ than it would have if it had beencaptured at a lower bitdepth.A. captures more detailsB. has more different colorsC. has a larger file sizeD. has larger pixel dimensionsE. uses a higher sampling rate6.The termpixelis contracted from the words _____ and _____.7.True/False: A pixel is a point sample, not a little square.8.True/False: An 1-bit color depth allows only black and white colors.9.An 1-bit color depth allows _____ colors.10.An 8-bit color depth allows _____ colors.11.A 24-bit color depth allows _____ colors.12.Bitmapped images are composed of _____.A. individual pixels, which represent spatial samples of the image or sceneB. mathematical descriptions of image elements, which include points, lines, curves,and shapes

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4Answers to Review Questions."Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong13.Vector graphics are composed of _____.A. individual pixels, which represent spatial samples of the image or sceneB. mathematical descriptions of image elements, whichinclude points, lines, curves,and shapes14.The main advantage(s) of bitmapped images over vector graphics is (are) _____.A. scalability or resolution independence of imagesB. ease of editing the image content pixel by pixelC. more compact file size compared to vector graphics15.The main advantage(s) of vector graphics over bitmapped images is (are) _____.A. scalability or resolution independence of imagesB. ease of editing the image content pixel by pixelC. more compact file size compared to bitmapped images16.Sometimes when you magnify a picture on your computer screen, lines that should bestraight linesappear to be jagged. This effect is called _____.A. anti-aliasingB. aliasingC. ditheringD. indexing17.Generally speaking, how does the file size change if the total number of pixels of animage is doubled?18.Generally speaking, how does the file size change if the number of pixels of both thewidth and height ofan image are doubled?19.Generally speaking, how does the file size change if the bit depth of an image isincreased from 8 bits to 16bits?20.Generally speaking, how does the file size changeif the bit depth of an image isincreased from 8 bits to 24bits?21.Give one example of the image file type that supportslossy compression and one thatsupports losslesscompression.22.Which of the following are file extensions of pixel-based files?BMP DOC JPEG TXT PNG GIFFLAJPG PSD TIFF EPS WMFSWF AI23.Which of the following are file extensions of vector graphic files?BMP DOC JPEG TXT PNG GIF FLAJPG PSD TIFF EPS WMF SWF AI24.What are the primary colors in the RGB color model?25.What are the primary colors in the CMY color model?26.What are the primaries in the HSB color model?27.Which of the following color models takes the form of a color cube?A. RGBB. CMYC. HSBD. CIE XYZ

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5Answers to Review Questions."Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong28.Which of the following color models takes the form of a hexacone?A. RGBB. CMYC. HSBD. CIE XYZ29.Which of the primaries in the HSB color model takes the form of a color wheel?A. hueB. saturationC. brightness30.What is the color mixing method for the RGB color model?A. additiveB. subtractive31.What is the color mixing method for the CMY color model?A. additiveB. subtractive32.For the 24-bit color depth, what are the RGB values for(i) white(ii) black(iii) red(iv) green(v) blue(vi) cyan(vii) magenta(viii) yellow(You can use the color picker in your image editing program to confirm your answers.)33.What are the theoretical CMY values for(i) white(ii) black(iii) red(iv) green(v) blue(vi) cyan(vii) magenta(viii) yellow34.What are the HSB values for(i) white(ii) black(iii) red(iv) green(v) blue(vi) cyan(vii) magenta(viii) yellow(You can use the color picker in your image editing program to confirm your answers.)35.What is the primary use of the CMYK color model?36.Why don’t the colors in a printed image look exactly the same as those you see on thecomputer screen?

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6Answers to Review Questions."Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling WongChapter 3When applicable, please selectallcorrect answers.1.What are the different types of scanners?2.What is the method of acquiring digital images besides scanning?3.Resampling an image is often referred to as _____.A. rotatingB. scalingC. translatingD. repositioning4.Scaling an image usually deterioratesthe image quality somewhat. Infoursentences orless, explain why interms of what happens to the pixels by scaling up and scaling down.5.The Apple iPhone 4S camera can take digital photographs with pixel dimensionsof32642448 pixels.i. Show the math that the resolution capability of the camera is 8 megapixels.ii. Show the math that with these pixel dimensions, the physical dimensions of theprintedimage are about10-inch8-inch if you print it at 300 ppi.6.Suppose that you scan a 3-inch5-inch photograph in at a resolution of 300 dpi.i. What are the pixel dimensions of the scanned image? __________ pixelsii. What will the physical dimensions of the imagebe if you print it at 300 ppi,without changing the image’spixel dimensions? _____ inches_____ inchesiii. What will the physical dimensions of the imagebe if you print it at 600 ppi,withoutalteringthe image’spixel dimensions? _____ inches_____ inchesiv. What will the physical dimensions of the image be if you print it at 150 ppi,withoutalteringthe image’spixel dimensions? _____ inches_____ inchesv.True/False: You gain image detail if you print the image at 600 ppi asnoted in (iii).vi.True/False:You lose image detail if you print the image at 150 ppi asnoted in (iv).7.True/False:When a digital image is printed, each image pixel is represented by oneprinter ink dot.8.The “per inch” in the units dots per inch and pixels per inchisin _____.A. square inchesB. linear inches9.True/False:The optimization of tonal adjustment at the time of capturing images—scanning or digitalphotography—does not matter because you can always extend thetonal range of the image to any extentafterward in Photoshop to recover the missingcolor information.10.Given here are the general steps of image retouching of a scanned image.i. Order the steps by labeling 1 through 6._____ Adjust the overall contrast or tonal range of the image_____ Crop and straighten the image_____ Fine-tune specific parts of the image_____ Remove color casts_____ Remove dirt and dust_____ Sharpen the imageii. Explain your choice for the first step.iii. Explain your choice for the last step.

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7Answers to Review Questions."Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong11.Suppose you want to scan part of a photograph to usein a digital collage. The partof the picture you wantto scan is 2-inch2-inch on the photograph. You want thisscanned piece to appear as 6-inch6-inch in thefinal collage that will be printed outat 300 ppi.If you scan the picture at a resolution insufficient to print it at a size of 6-inch6-inch at 300 ppi, you willhave to scale up the scanned image, which will deterioratethe image quality and make it look pixelated.What is the minimal scanning resolution (dpi) you should use to scan this 2-inch2-inch area so that you donot have to resize the image to meet the printing requirement?Show your calculations.(Tip: First calculate the pixel dimensions of that piece of image needed in the finalcollage.)12.What kind of images are GIF files most appropriate for?A. imageswith big areas of solid colorsB. continuous-tone photographsC. images with lots of gradients13.What kind of images are JPEG files most appropriate for?A. images with big areas of solid colorsB. continuous-tone photographsC. images with lots of gradients14.Shown in Figure 3.42is a grayscale image and its histogram:Figure 3.42(a) A grayscale image. (b) The image’s histogram.i. Match each of the bars in the histogram to the color it represents. (Draw arrows linking each bar and thecolor in the grayscale image in Figure 3.42.)ii. To maximize the contrast and tonal range of this image, what changes of the sliders should be made? Showthe new positions of the sliders in the histogram provided in Figure 3.42.iii. Figure 3.42 shows four different adjustments of the sliders made in the grayscale image’s histogram. Foreach of the four image outlines in Figure 3.42 , label the areas with the resulting grays. Specify whether it isblack, white, or gray. If it is gray, estimate an RGB value for that gray.

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8Answers to Review Questions."Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong(a)(b)(c)(d)

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9Answers to Review Questions."Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling WongFigure 3.42Four pairs of histograms and outlines of images, the colors of which are to be predicted based onthe adjustment made in their histograms.15.SVG stands for ___.16.What are the two possible ways to create a SVG?17.What are the two possible ways to show your vector graphicson Web pages?

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10Answers to Review Questions."Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling WongChapter 4When applicable, please selectallcorrect answers.1.A sound with higher _____ is perceived to have a higher pitch.A. volumeB. frequencyC. fidelityD. sampling rateE. bit depth2.The unit used for measuring _____ is Hertz (Hz).A. amplitudeB. frequencyC. sampling rateD. bit depthE. dynamic range3.A waveform is a graphical representation of the _____ fluctuations of a sound wave.A. pressure–timeB. space–timeC. pressure–space4.The horizontal axis of a waveform is _____.A. pressureB. distanceC. time5.The vertical axis of a waveform is _____.A. pressureB. distanceC. time6.True/False:Zero decibels is when there is absence of sound or no sound wave.7.The _____ of a sound relates to the sound intensity or loudness.A. amplitudeB. frequencyC. sampling rateD. bit depthE. dynamic range8.The _____ of a digitized sound affects the accuracyof the sampled amplitudes beingstored.A. amplitudeB. frequencyC. sampling rateD. bit depthE. dynamic range9.In digital audio, the number of sample points taken per second is called the _____.A. amplitudeB. frequencyC. sampling rateD. bit depth

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11Answers to Review Questions."Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling WongE. dynamic range10.In digital audio, higher resolution means higher ______.A. amplitudeB. frequencyC. sampling rateD. bit depthE. dynamic range11.How many levels of amplitude values does an 8-bit sound allow?12.How many levels of amplitude values does a 16-bit sound allow?13.Generally, the audio CD music sampling rate is _____ and bit depth is _____.14.True/False:Eight-bit sound is generally considered to be more than adequate for recording music.15.True/False:MP3 is a good file format to keep as a source file for further editing.16.Which of the followingare audio file formats?BMP WAV JPEG AIFF MP3 GIFJPG PSD TIFF WMF17.According to Nyquist’s theorem, we must sample at least _____ points in each soundwave cycle to be ableto reconstruct the sound wave satisfactorily. In other words, thesampling rate of the audio must be at least_____ of the audio frequency.18.The reduction of a digital audio file size can be achieved by _____.A. reducing the sampling rateB. reducing the pitch of the audioC. reducing the bit depthD. reducing the amplitude of the audioE. applying file compression techniques19.Higher ______ will result in larger file size.A. amplitudeB. frequencyC. sampling rateD. bit depthE. dynamic range20.Reducing the sampling rate from 44.1 kHz to 22.05 kHz will _____.A. have no effect on the file sizeB. decrease the file size by halfC. decrease the file size to about 1/22thD. decrease the file size to about 1/44th21.Reducing the bit depth from 16 bit to 8 bit will _____.A. have no effect on the file sizeB. decrease the file size by halfC. decrease the file size to 1/8thD. decrease the file size to 1/16th22.Reducing the number of channels from two (stereo) to one (mono) will _____.A. have no effect on the file sizeB. decrease the file size by half

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12Answers to Review Questions."Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling WongC. decrease the file size to 1/5thD. decrease the file size to 1/10th23.The MIDI standard specifies the _____.A. sampling rate for the synthesized soundB. bit depth for the synthesized soundC. configurations of cables and cable plugsD. format of the data

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13Answers to Review Questions."Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling WongChapter 5When applicable, please chooseallcorrect answers.1.True/False:The optimal meter level for recording is going past the red area of the meter.2.Which type of microphone is most sensitive to sound coming from the front?A. UndirectionalB. Omnidirectional3.If you do not know the directional property of a microphone, as a general rule, wheredo you place thesound source relative to the microphone?4.Why is it important to monitor the input level meter during recording?5.Thex-axis of the waveform view represents the ______.A. amplitude valueB. frequencyC. time6.They-axis of the waveform view represents the ______.A. amplitude valueB. frequencyC. time7.Thex-axis of the spectral view represents the ______.A. amplitude valueB. frequencyC. time8.They-axis of the spectral view represents the ______.A. amplitude valueB. frequencyC. time9.The color of the spectral view represents the ______.A. amplitude valueB. frequencyC. time10.Which view allows you to inspect the audio frequency distribution over time?A. WaveformB. SpectralC. Multitrack11.True/False:Application of special effects, such as reverb, to a noisy audio should bedone before thenoise reduction.12.The fade-in and fade-out effects can be created by applying the ______ effect.A. amplifyB. envelopeC.noise reductionD. normalizeE. reverb

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14Answers to Review Questions."Digital Media Primer" Yue-Ling Wong13.The ______ effect(s)is/are for changingthe audio amplitude.A. amplifyB. envelopeC. noise reductionD. normalizeE. reverb14.The ______ effect changes the audio amplitude such that the highest is the amplitudeyou specify.A.amplifyB. envelopeC. noise reductionD. normalizeE. reverb15.The ______ effect can create a feeling of being in a big auditorium.A. amplifyB. envelopeC. noise reductionD. normalizeE. reverb16.The order of performing noise reduction is: ______, ______, ______, ______.A. Select the segment of the audio you want to apply noise reduction to.B. Select a segment that contains pure noise.C. Have the program perform a statistical analysis of the noise to generate a profile.D. Have the program reduce the noise of the selected segment based on the noiseprofile.17.______ deals withmusicalnotations, staff, and musical instrument assignments.A. MIDIB. Loop music18.Whatisthe disadvantage of MIDI compared to composing music with loop music?19.Name several uses of digital audio.20.In which of the following uses of audio is a smaller file size generally a more crucialconsideration?A. videoB. multimedia authoringC. playback on the WebD.musicCDE. podcast21.In which of the following uses of audio is the audio quality generally a more crucialconsideration?A. videoB. multimedia authoringC. playback on the WebD.musicCDE. podcast

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