Test Bank for Macroeconomics, 6th Edition

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1Macroeconomics, 6e(Williamson)Chapter 1Introduction1.1Multiple-Choice Questions1) In 2014, the per-capita GDP in the United States, in 2005 dollars, was aboutA) $17,500.B) $27,500.C) $50,000D) $47,500.Answer: CLO: 1.2: Explain the key features of trend growth and deviations from trend in per capita grossdomestic product in the United States from 1900 to 1914.Difficulty: easyClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge2) Which of the following topics isNOTa primary concern of macroeconomists?A) fluctuations in the level of economic activityB) differences in standards of living across countriesC) relative wages of skilled and unskilled workersD) unemploymentAnswer: CLO: 1.1: State the two focuses of study in macroeconomics, the key differences betweenmicroeconomics and macroeconomics, and the similarities between microeconomicsDifficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: analytical thinking3) Primarily, macroeconomists use microeconomic principles to studyA) business cycles and trends in the stock market.B) long-run economic growth and antitrust policies.C) trends in the stock market and long-term economic growth.D) long-run economic growth and business cycles.Answer: DLO: 1.1: State the two focuses of study in macroeconomics, the key differences betweenmicroeconomics and macroeconomics, and the similarities between microeconomicsDifficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge

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24) Which is a question of interest in this book?A) What causes growth in the long term?B) How should a labor contract be structured?C) How should a government be elected?D) What is the impact of government provided health care?Answer: ALO: 1.1: State the two focuses of study in macroeconomics, the key differences betweenmicroeconomics and macroeconomics, and the similarities between microeconomicsDifficulty: difficultClassification: conceptAACSB: analytical thinking5) Which is a question of interest in this book?A) Where is the stock market heading?B) What is the optimal inflation rate?C) How are stock options priced?D) What are commodity futures?Answer: BLO: 1.1: State the two focuses of study in macroeconomics, the key differences betweenmicroeconomics and macroeconomics, and the similarities between microeconomicsDifficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge6) Over the course of the twentieth century, the typical AmericanA) remained equally as rich.B) became twice as rich.C) became five times as richD) became ten times as rich.Answer: DLO: 1.2: Explain the key features of trend growth and deviations from trend in per capita grossdomestic product in the United States from 1900 to 1914.Difficulty: easyClassification: applicationAACSB: analytical thinking7) Which of the following assertions is false?A) The Great Depression was a typical business cycle.B) Very rapid growth occurred during World War II.C) Real GDP per capita dipped about 30% during the Great Depression.D) On average, the U.S. economy grows at a rate of 2.1%.Answer: ALO: 1.2: Explain the key features of trend growth and deviations from trend in per capita grossdomestic product in the United States from 1900 to 1914.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge

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38) The business cycle component of the log of real per-capita GNP is equal toA) log of actual real GNP - log of trend GNP.B) log of trend GNP ÷ log of actual real GNP.C) log of trend GNP - log of actual real GNP.D) log of actual real GNP ÷ log of trend GNP.Answer: ALO: 1.2: Explain the key features of trend growth and deviations from trend in per capita grossdomestic product in the United States from 1900 to 1914.Difficulty: easyClassification: conceptAACSB: analytical thinking9) For the study of economic growth, it is most helpful to examine movements in ________; forthe study of business cycles, it is most helpful to examine movements in ________.A) trend GNP; trend GNPB) trend GNP; deviations from trend in GNPC) deviations from trend in GNP; trend GNPD) deviations from trend in GNP; deviations from trend in GNPAnswer: BLO: 1.2: Explain the key features of trend growth and deviations from trend in per capita grossdomestic product in the United States from 1900 to 1914.Difficulty: difficultClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge10) A useful macroeconomic modelA) is extremely realistic.B) is simple.C) never generates testable hypotheses.D) provides a lot of intricate details.Answer: BLO: 1.3: Explain why models are useful in macroeconomics.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge11) Macroeconomic models areA) never wrong.B) accurate descriptions of the economy.C) simple abstractions of reality.D) consistent with all economic data.Answer: CLO: 1.3: Explain why models are useful in macroeconomics.Difficulty: easyClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge

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412) What characterizes a competitive equilibrium?A) Markets are rationed.B) Governments stay out of the market.C) Economic agents are price-takers.D) It is costly to experiment with policies.Answer: CLO: 1.3: Explain why models are useful in macroeconomics.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge13) What do we assume about households and firms?A) They act irrationally.B) They do what the government tells them to do.C) They look after each other.D) They optimize.Answer: DLO: 1.3: Explain why models are useful in macroeconomics.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge14) According to theLucas critique, the effects of changes in economic policyA) can be determined by looking at macroeconomic data.B) cannot always be predicted by looking at historical macroeconomic relationships.C) are easy to predict.D) do not require macroeconomic theory.Answer: BLO: 1.4: Discuss how microeconomic principles are important in constructing usefulmacroeconomic models.Difficulty: difficultClassification: conceptAACSB: analytical thinking15) Which aspect of macroeconomics generates the most controversy?A) economic growthB) the causes of business cyclesC) supply and demandD) competitive equilibriumAnswer: BLO: 1.5: Explain why there is disagreement among macroeconomists, and what they disagreeabout.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge

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516) According to Keynesian coordination failure theory, the primary causes of business cyclesareA) shocks to aggregate demand.B) monetary factors.C) technology shocks.D) waves of self-fulfilling optimism and pessimism.Answer: DLO: 1.5: Explain why there is disagreement among macroeconomists, and what they disagreeabout.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge17) The macroeconomic models that are most supportive of the role of government policy aimedat smoothing business cycles areA) real business cycle models.B) endogenous growth models.C) Keynesian models.D) Solow growth models.Answer: CLO: 1.5: Explain why there is disagreement among macroeconomists, and what they disagreeabout.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge18) Adam Smith'sWealth of NationsemphasizedA) how free markets produce socially efficient outcomes.B) that Scotland produced several key technological innovations.C) that the government should intervene to smooth business cycles.D) the existence of externalities.Answer: ALO: 1.6: List the 12 key ideas that will be covered in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge19) Improvements in a country's standard of living are brought about in the long run byA) technological progress.B) growth in the population.C) constructing more machines and buildings.D) immigration policy.Answer: ALO: 1.6: List the 12 key ideas that will be covered in this book.Difficulty: difficultClassification: conceptAACSB: analytical thinking

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620) Tax cutsA) may have no effect, if people take account of future taxes.B) always stimulate economic activity.C) will surely make the government default on its debts.D) cause the government to borrow less.Answer: ALO: 1.6: List the 12 key ideas that will be covered in this book.Difficulty: easyClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge21) Credit markets areA) bad, as they cause people to accumulate debt.B) not important for the financial crisis.C) important, but given too little attention in the past by some macroeconomists.D) markets that work perfectly.Answer: CLO: 1.6: List the 12 key ideas that will be covered in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge22) Monetary policy in the United States is determined byA) The Securities Exchange Commission.B) The United States Treasury.C) The Federal Reserve System.D) Wall Street.Answer: CLO: 1.6: List the 12 key ideas that will be covered in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge23) Considering the futureA) is irrelevant to macroeconomics.B) is key to macroeconomic modelling.C) has a limited impact on macroeconomic analysis.D) matters only under special circumstances.Answer: BLO: 1.6: List the 12 key ideas that will be covered in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge

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724) The Fisher relation isA) the negative relationship between unemployment and vacancies.B) trend growth in real GDP.C) a positive relationship between the nominal interest rate and inflation.D) the Phillips curve.Answer: CLO: 1.6: List the 12 key ideas that will be covered in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge25) A trade-off between aggregate output and inflationA) is theoretically possible, but has never been observed in practice.B) sometimes exists, but is unstable.C) sometimes exists, and is stable.D) is not theoretically possible, and is not observed in practice.Answer: BLO: 1.6: List the 12 key ideas that will be covered in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: analytical thinking26) A measure of productivity isA) the interest rate.B) the inflation rate.C) aggregate output divided by employment.D) the growth rate of aggregate output.Answer: CLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: difficultClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge27) Productivity growth in the 2010-2015 period has beenA) as high as at any point since World War II.B) historically low.C) twice as high as growth in real GDP.D) negatively correlated with inflation.Answer: BLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: easyClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge

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828) The unemployment rate in 2015A) was at its peak for the period 2000-2015.B) was increasing.C) was lower than the average unemployment rate from 2000-2015.D) was at its lowest point since 1990.Answer: CLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge29) The Beveridge curve shifted outward during what period?A) during the Great DepressionB) during the Great ModerationC) after January 2008D) between January 2000 and December 2007Answer: CLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: difficultClassification: conceptAACSB: analytical thinking30) The major contributor to the long-run improvement of a country's standard of living isA) low inflation.B) growth in government.C) population growth.D) technological progress.Answer: DLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: easyClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge31) More government spendingA) can compete with private spending and cause crowding out.B) is always beneficial.C) lowers the government deficit.D) increases the government surplus.Answer: ALO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: analytical thinking

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932) Over the long run, taxes and government expenses haveA) remained relatively stable.B) decreased.C) increased.D) drifted apart.Answer: CLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge33) In the 2008-09 recession, the government deficitA) stayed roughly constant.B) decreased.C) increased.D) would have increased if the government had intervened.Answer: CLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge34) The period between the 1981-1982 recession and the 2008-2009 recession isA) the productivity slowdown.B) the Beveridge controversy.C) the Great Recession.D) the Great Moderation.Answer: DLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: easyClassification: applicationAACSB: analytical thinking35) The real interest rate isA) set by the Federal Reserve.B) equal to the rate of inflation minus the nominal rate of interest.C) equal to the nominal rate of interest minus the rate of inflation.D) less important for decision making than the nominal rate of interest.Answer: CLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge

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1036) The real interest rate isA) always positive.B) always negative.C) variable.D) zero.Answer: CLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: difficultClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge37) When there is positive inflationA) the nominal interest rate is approximately equal to the real interest rate.B) the real interest rate is greater than the nominal interest rate.C) the nominal interest rate is greater than the real interest rate.D) the real interest rate is negative.Answer: CLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge38) An increase in energy prices is a likely cause ofA) Great Depression.B) Korean War inflation.C) the recession in 1973-1975.D) the Great Moderation.Answer: CLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: analytical thinking39) Which period was not a recession in the United States?A) 1974-1975B) 1990-1991C) 1984-1985D) 2001Answer: CLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge

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1140) Which was the deepest recession in the United Statesbeforethe recession of 2008-09?A) 1978-1979B) 1981-1982C) 1990-1991D) 2001Answer: BLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: difficultClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge41) A likely explanation for the 2008-2009 recession isA) an increase in energy prices.B) financial market problems.C) a drastic reduction in government expenses.D) an increase in taxes.Answer: BLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: easyClassification: conceptAACSB: analytical thinking42) Asymmetric information is:A) information revealed by economic agents turns out to be wrong.B) inflation forecasts are systematically to high or too low.C) some economic agents have more information than others.D) the government knows less about the economy than households and firms.Answer: CLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge43) Interest rate spreadsA) decrease during a financial crisis.B) are of little concern.C) reflect risk in credit markets.D) have been roughly constant over time.Answer: CLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge

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1244) CollateralA) includes the stock of housing.B) is important for inflation.C) is a key part of government finance.D) was not important during the financial crisis.Answer: ALO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge45) The U.S. current account surplusA) is higher than in 1960.B) is irrelevant.C) is equal to taxes minus government spending.D) was negative in 2015.Answer: DLO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: easyClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge1.2True/False Questions1) True or False: Antitrust policy is a key topic of interest for macroeconmists.Answer: FALSELO: 1.1: State the two focuses of study in macroeconomics, the key differences betweenmicroeconomics and macroeconomics, and the similarities between microeconomicsDifficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge2) True or False: The Great Depression was one of the two most important American businesscycle events of the twentieth century.Answer: TRUELO: 1.2: Explain the key features of trend growth and deviations from trend in per capita grossdomestic product in the United States from 1900 to 1914.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge

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133) True or False: Over the twentieth century, growth in per-capita GNP was highest during the1980s.Answer: FALSELO: 1.2: Explain the key features of trend growth and deviations from trend in per capita grossdomestic product in the United States from 1900 to 1914.Difficulty: difficultClassification: conceptAACSB: analytical thinking4) True or False: As an aid in studying business cycles, it helps to separate real GDP per capitainto its seasonal and trend components.Answer: FALSELO: 1.2: Explain the key features of trend growth and deviations from trend in per capita grossdomestic product in the United States from 1900 to 1914.Difficulty: easyClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge5) True or False: A good macroeconomic model captures all the important details in the U.S.economy.Answer: FALSELO: 1.3: Explain why models are useful in macroeconomics.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: analytical thinking6) True or False: In macroeconomic models, consumers optimize.Answer: TRUELO: 1.3: Explain why models are useful in macroeconomics.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge7) True or False: The development most responsible for the wide-spread introduction ofmacroeconomic models built upon solid microeconomic foundations was the work of JohnMaynard Keynes.Answer: FALSELO: 1.4: Discuss how microeconomic principles are important in constructing usefulmacroeconomic models.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge

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148) True or False: The Lucas critique refers to the disagreement about models of economicgrowth.Answer: FALSELO: 1.4: Discuss how microeconomic principles are important in constructing usefulmacroeconomic models.Difficulty: easyClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge9) True or False: According to real business cycle theory, the primary causes of business cyclesare technology shocks.Answer: TRUELO: 1.5: Explain why there is disagreement among macroeconomists, and what they disagreeabout.Difficulty: difficultClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge10) True or False: What is produced and consumed in the economy is determined jointly bygovernment policies and the economy's productive capacity.Answer: FALSELO: 1.6: List the 12 key ideas that will be covered in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: analytical thinking11) True or False: Business cycles are similar, but they can have many causes.Answer: TRUELO: 1.6: List the 12 key ideas that will be covered in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge12) True or False: A tax cut is not a free lunch.Answer: TRUELO: 1.6: List the 12 key ideas that will be covered in this book.Difficulty: easyClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge13) True or False: The Fisher relation is a positive relationship between the deviation ofaggregate output from trend and the inflation rate.Answer: FALSELO: 1.6: List the 12 key ideas that will be covered in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge

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1514) True or False: Unemployment, at the aggregate level, is part of a well-functioning economy.Answer: TRUELO: 1.6: List the 12 key ideas that will be covered in this book.Difficulty: difficultClassification: conceptAACSB: analytical thinking15) True or False: The Beveridge curve is a positive relationship between the inflation rate andthe nominal interest rate.Answer: FALSELO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge16) True or False: Unemployment is good from a social point of view because it keeps the leastefficient workers out.Answer: FALSELO: 1.6: List the 12 key ideas that will be covered in this book.Difficulty: easyClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge17) True or False: A government deficit occurs when the government spends more than what itgets in taxes.Answer: TRUELO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge18) True or False: Government debt is different from individual debt because the governmentcan always tax to reduce it.Answer: TRUELO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: analytical thinking19) True or False: Real interest rates were negative during most of the 1980s.Answer: FALSELO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge

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1620) True or False: The most likely explanation of the recession of 1981-1982 was that it was dueto a financial crisis.Answer: FALSELO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge1.3Essay Questions1) Microeconomists and macroeconomists take some common approaches to studying economicproblems, but there are also important differences in what these two types of economists do.Discuss.Answer: At one time macro and micro were approaches in very different ways, but since the1970s, macroeconomists have adopted an approach in which they build macroeconomic modelsfrom microeconomic principles. Thus, the methodological approaches in micro and macro havebecome more similar over time. However, microeconomists and macroeconomists study verydifferent problems. In microeconomics the focus is on individual economic actors and markets,and how they behave. However, in macroeconomics the focus is on large economic units—countries, governments, central banks—and how they behave.LO: 1.1: State the two focuses of study in macroeconomics, the key differences betweenmicroeconomics and macroeconomics, and the similarities between microeconomicsDifficulty: easyClassification: conceptAACSB: analytical thinking2) Macroeconomists are interested in two types of phenomena: economic growth and businesscycles. Explain how macroeconomists manipulate economic data in order to study these twoproblems.Answer: A typical approach macroeconomists take is to separate the trend component from thebusiness cycle component in macroeconomic time series data. For example, suppose that we areinterested in the trend and cyclical components of real GDP per capita. First, we would take thenatural logarithm of the time series. Then, we would fit a trend to the natural logarithm, andmeasure the cyclical component of real GDP per capita as the deviation of the actual time seriesfrom the trend. This then gives us some idea of the trend growth component and the businesscycle component of real GDP per capita that we want to understand.LO: 1.2: Explain the key features of trend growth and deviations from trend in per capita grossdomestic product in the United States from 1900 to 1914.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge

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173) Explain why macroeconomists like to build models.Answer: In macroeconomics, in contrast to the natural sciences, for example, it is difficult orimpossible to run experiments to test theories. As an alternative, macroeconomists find it usefulto construct artificial apparatuses—models—on which they can run artificial experiments. Thebasic idea is to build the model, fit it to the data in some sense, and then ask how the modelresponds to changes that mimic the real-world experiments we would actually like to run.LO: 1.3: Explain why models are useful in macroeconomics.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: analytical thinking4) Why do macroeconomists build models based on microeconomic principles? Discuss.Answer: In part macroeconomists are interested in understanding the consequences of changesin government policy. But, when government policy changes, the behavior of individualschanges in response to the policy. Therefore, we cannot accurately predict the results of a policychange just from looking at historical macroeconomic relationships. That is, the Lucas critiquecomes into play. If we build up macroeconomic models from microeconomic behavior, we havethe structure we need to accurately predict the results of changes in policy.LO: 1.4: Discuss how microeconomic principles are important in constructing usefulmacroeconomic models.Difficulty: difficultClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge5) What do macroeconomists disagree about, and on what issues do they tend to agree? Explain.Answer: Macroeconomists tend to disagree about the causes of business cycles. For example,Keynesian economists tend to think that business cycles result from the stickiness in wages andprices, or from coordination failures, and they think that government intervention to smoothbusiness cycles is a good idea. However, real business cycle theorists think that business cyclesare caused by aggregate shocks to productivity, and these macroeconomists therefore think thatgovernment intervention to smooth business cycles can at best make things worse. But,macroeconomists tend to agree about what models are useful in studying economic growth, andabout the causes of long run growth. For example, the Solow growth model is a commonapproach to studying economic growth, which predicts that long run improvement in standardsof living comes from technological change.LO: 1.5: Explain why there is disagreement among macroeconomists, and what they disagreeabout.Difficulty: easyClassification: applicationAACSB: analytical thinking

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186) What is the role of unemployment in a well-functioning economy?Answer: Unemployment is obviously painful for the individuals involved. An unemployedperson uses up time and effort with no compensation, in the hopes of gaining employment, andcould be experiencing economic hardship in the process. But, for society as a whole,unemployment is a necessary evil. Unemployed workers are seeking matches with firms whichhave job vacancies, and those unemployed workers are quite diverse, as are the job vacancies, interms of skill requirements. It takes time for society to obtain good matches between workers andjobs, which make the aggregate economy more productive in the long run. Thus, unemploymentactually can help efficiency, and implies that an economy can yield benefits for all.LO: 1.6: List the 12 key ideas that will be covered in this book.Difficulty: difficultClassification: conceptAACSB: analytical thinking7) Are tax cuts necessarily a good thing for the economy as a whole? Explain.Answer: There are conditions under which tax cuts have no effect at all. The Ricardianequivalence theorem says that there are conditions under which consumers who get tax cutsreceive no net gain in their wealth from a tax cut, and therefore do not alter their spending. As aresult, the tax cut will not matter for prices, quantities, or economic welfare. A consumerunderstands that, when he or she receives a tax cut, that the government must fund the cutthrough borrowing, and that the government debt must be paid off with future taxes. The loss inwealth from future taxes just offsets the gain in wealth from the current tax cut.LO: 1.6: List the 12 key ideas that will be covered in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge8) Describe two key relationships between inflation and other economic variables, and explaintheir importance.Answer: The key relationships are the Phillips curve and the Fisher relation. The Phillips curveis a positive relationship between inflation and the deviation of aggregate output from trend, andthe Fisher relation is a positive relationship between the inflation and the nominal interest rate.The Phillips curve might suggest that a central bank can increase inflation by reducing output,perhaps by lowering the nominal interest rate. Neo-Fisherism, however, suggests that increasingthe nominal interest rate causes inflation to rise, through the Fisher relation.LO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge

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199) Explain what the Beveridge curve is, and why it is important.Answer: The Beveridge curve is the observed negative relationship observed between thevacancy rate—job openings as a percentage of job openings plus employment—and theunemployment rate. The Beveridge curve was observed to shift during the 2008-2009 recession,and this shift has persisted over time. This shift is perhaps an indication of mismatch in the U.S.labor market—a mismatch between the skills of unemployed workers and the skills needed tofill job openings.LO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge10) Explain the role of interest rate spreads in the financial crisis and recession of 2008-2009.Answer: The recession of 2008-2009 is usually attributed to the financial crisis, whichculminated in the financial disruption in the fall of 2008. The financial crisis created substantialuncertainty, which we can characterize as a situation of asymmetric information. In financialmarkets, asymmetric information can lead to default premia on assets, for example on corporatedebt. Then if we look at the difference between interest rates on corporate debt of differentriskiness, such "spreads" should increase in times when asymmetric information frictionsincrease. In particular, during the financial crisis, we observed increases in these spreads.Increases in spreads also occurred in previous recessions, but the increase in spreads during thefinancial crisis and the Great Depression were particularly large.LO: 1.7: List the key observations that motivate questions we will try to answer in this book.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: analytical thinking

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1Macroeconomics, 6e(Williamson)Chapter 2Measurement2.1Multiple-Choice Questions1) NIPA meansA) New Income and Price Accounting.B) National Investment and Productivity Approach.C) Neutral Increase of Production Allocation.D) National Income and Product Accounts.Answer: DLO: 2.1: Construct measures of gross domestic product using the product approach, theexpenditure approach, and the income approach.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge2) The three approaches to measuring GDP are called theA) accounting approach, the income approach, and the expenditure approach.B) product approach, the cost approach, and the expenditure approach.C) product approach, the income approach, and the expenditure approach.D) accounting approach, the statistical approach, and the income approach.Answer: CLO: 2.1: Construct measures of gross domestic product using the product approach, theexpenditure approach, and the income approach.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge3) When a firm produces output,A) the value of the output produced is included in GDPB) the firm's output contributes to GDP only to the extent that there is value-added.C) the firm's output will not count as GDP if it is stored as inventory.D) the firm's output will not count as GDP if it is exported.Answer: BLO: 2.1: Construct measures of gross domestic product using the product approach, theexpenditure approach, and the income approach.Difficulty: difficultClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge

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24) Jim's Nursery produces and sells $1100 worth of flowers. Jim uses no intermediate inputs. Hepays his workers $700 in wages, pays $100 in taxes and pays $200 in interest on a loan. Jim'scontribution to GDP isA) $900.B) $1000.C) $1100.D) $1800.Answer: CLO: 2.1: Construct measures of gross domestic product using the product approach, theexpenditure approach, and the income approach.Difficulty: easyClassification: applicationAACSB: analytical thinking5) Acme Steel Co. produces 1000 tons of steel. Steel sells for $30 per ton. Acme pays wages of$10,000. Acme buys $15,000 worth of coal, which is needed to produce the steel. Acme pays$2,000 in taxes. Acme's contribution to GDP isA) $15,000.B) $20,000.C) $30,000.D) $45,000.Answer: ALO: 2.1: Construct measures of gross domestic product using the product approach, theexpenditure approach, and the income approach.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: analytical thinking6) Suppose we have the following information about a car manufacturer: car sales $1000M, stealpurchases $600M, wages $300M, interest on business loans $50M, and profits $50M. What is itscontribution to GDP using the product approach?A) $1000MB) $600MC) $400MD) $350MAnswer: CLO: 2.1: Construct measures of gross domestic product using the product approach, theexpenditure approach, and the income approach.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: analytical thinking

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37) We know the following about a tie manufacturer: tie sales $1,300, cotton purchases $750,wages $400, interest on business loans $100, and profits $50. What is the contribution to GDP ofthis producer using the income approach?A) $550B) $500C) $450D) $400Answer: ALO: 2.1: Construct measures of gross domestic product using the product approach, theexpenditure approach, and the income approach.Difficulty: difficultClassification: applicationAACSB: analytical thinking8) We learn the following about a ski resort: ticket sales $100M, snow making expenses $70M,wages $20M, interest on business loans $5M, and profits $5M. What is the contribution to GDPusing the product approach?A) $70MB) $80MC) $95MD) $100MAnswer: ALO: 2.1: Construct measures of gross domestic product using the product approach, theexpenditure approach, and the income approach.Difficulty: easyClassification: applicationAACSB: analytical thinking9) Here is what we know about a household: wages $25,000, unemployment insurance benefits$3,000, dividend income $4,000, income tax $5,000. What is the contribution to GDP of thishousehold following the expenditure approach?A) $24,000B) $25,000C) $28,000D) $29,000Answer: CLO: 2.1: Construct measures of gross domestic product using the product approach, theexpenditure approach, and the income approach.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: analytical thinking

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410) Suppose we have the following information about a furniture maker: furniture sales $100M,wood purchases $60M, wages $25M, tax on profits $5M, profits $10M. What is the contributionto GDP of this company using the product approach?A) $100M.B) $60M.C) $40M.D) $15M.Answer: CLO: 2.1: Construct measures of gross domestic product using the product approach, theexpenditure approach, and the income approach.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: analytical thinking11) Suppose we have the following information about a shoe manufacturer: wages $100,000,sales $500,000, taxes $50,000, loan interest $10,000, leather purchases $170,000, rubberpurchases $130,000. What is the contribution of this manufacturer to GDP using the incomeapproach?A) $500,000.B) $300,000.C) $200,000.D) $40,000.Answer: CLO: 2.1: Construct measures of gross domestic product using the product approach, theexpenditure approach, and the income approach.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: analytical thinking12) Suppose we have the following information about a plumber: wages $30,000, repair sales$200,000, taxes $5,000, loan interest $15,000, plumbing materials $20,000. What is thecontribution to GDP of this plumber using the product approach?A) $200,000.B) $180,000.C) $50,000.D) $30,000.Answer: BLO: 2.1: Construct measures of gross domestic product using the product approach, theexpenditure approach, and the income approach.Difficulty: easyClassification: applicationAACSB: analytical thinking

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513) The value of a producer's output minus the value of all intermediate goods used in theproduction of that output is called the producer'sA) net output.B) accounting profit.C) value added.D) profit margin.Answer: CLO: 2.1: Construct measures of gross domestic product using the product approach, theexpenditure approach, and the income approach.Difficulty: difficultClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge14) Value added is equal to the value of a firm's production minusA) all of its costs of production.B) labor costs.C) investment expenditures.D) intermediate goods used in production.Answer: DLO: 2.1: Construct measures of gross domestic product using the product approach, theexpenditure approach, and the income approach.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge15) Suppose that the government collects $3 million in taxes, pays $2 million in social securitybenefits, pays $0.5 million in interest on the national debt, and pays workers $1 million to sit attheir desks and work as little as possible. The government's contribution to GDP isA) $0.B) $1 million.C) $3 million.D) $3.5 million.Answer: BLO: 2.1: Construct measures of gross domestic product using the product approach, theexpenditure approach, and the income approach.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: analytical thinking

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616) The expenditure components of GDP include all of the followingexceptA) consumption.B) investment.C) net exports.D) net factor payments.Answer: DLO: 2.2: State the importance of each expenditure component of GDP, and the issues associatedwith measuring each.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge17) The expenditure components of GDP include all of the followingexceptA) consumption.B) investment.C) government spending on goods and services.D) the sum of government spending on goods and services, transfer payments, and interest on thenational debt.Answer: DLO: 2.2: State the importance of each expenditure component of GDP, and the issues associatedwith measuring each.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge18) The income-expenditure identity is best paraphrased asA) all spending generates income.B) all profits are used for investment spending.C) on average, consumers cannot save.D) on average, government can spend no more than what it collects in income taxes.Answer: ALO: 2.2: State the importance of each expenditure component of GDP, and the issues associatedwith measuring each.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge

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719) Inventory investment consists ofA) construction expenditures, raw materials, and inventories of finished goods.B) goods in process, raw materials, and purchases of office machinery.C) raw materials, goods in process, and construction expenditures.D) inventories of finished goods, goods in process, and raw materials.Answer: DLO: 2.2: State the importance of each expenditure component of GDP, and the issues associatedwith measuring each.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge20) Additions to inventory areA) not counted as an expenditure in GDP accounting.B) counted as an intermediate input.C) counted as a component of investment spending.D) subtracted from sales revenue in calculating profit income.Answer: CLO: 2.2: State the importance of each expenditure component of GDP, and the issues associatedwith measuring each.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge21) GDP and GNP may differA) because some income generated by domestic production may be received as income byforeign residents.B) because some intermediate good inputs are imported.C) because some workers are illegal aliens.D) whenever tariff rates become excessively high.Answer: ALO: 2.2: State the importance of each expenditure component of GDP, and the issues associatedwith measuring each.Difficulty: easyClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge

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822) In recent U.S. historyA) GDP has been much higher than GNP.B) GNP has been much higher than GDP.C) the difference between GNP and GDP has been very volatile.D) there has been little practical difference between GNP and GDP.Answer: DLO: 2.2: State the importance of each expenditure component of GDP, and the issues associatedwith measuring each.Difficulty: difficultClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge23) GDP may inaccurately measure the value of aggregate output because it may not properlyaccount forA) production in the underground economy and the true value of government production.B) the true value of government production and the proper value of purchases and sales of usedgoods.C) the proper value of purchases and sales of used goods and depreciation of consumer durables.D) the depreciation of consumer durables and production in the underground economy.Answer: ALO: 2.4: State the key difficulties in measuring GDP and the price level.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge24) Recently, consumption has comprised approximatelyA) one-half of GDP.B) two-thirds of GDP.C) three-fourths of GDP.D) four-fifths of GDP.Answer: BLO: 2.2: State the importance of each expenditure component of GDP, and the issues associatedwith measuring each.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge

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925) In recent years, which of the following has comprised less than 5% of GDP?A) importsB) exportsC) net exportsD) none of the aboveAnswer: CLO: 2.2: State the importance of each expenditure component of GDP, and the issues associatedwith measuring each.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge26) When there is positive inflation,A) growth in nominal GDP exceeds growth in real GDP.B) growth in real GDP exceeds growth in nominal GDP.C) growth in real GDP and nominal GDP are roughly equal.D) there can never be any growth in nominal GDP.Answer: ALO: 2.3: Construct real and nominal GDP, and price indices, from data on quantities and pricesin different years.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge27) The calculation of real GDP allows us toA) separate consumption and investment spending.B) adjust for underground economic activity.C) adjust for the change in the quality of output over time.D) compare national output across periods of time.Answer: ALO: 2.3: Construct real and nominal GDP, and price indices, from data on quantities and pricesin different years.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge28) Real GDP values current production atA) current year prices.B) the best estimate of next year's prices.C) the average of price levels over the entire sample period.D) base year prices.Answer: DLO: 2.3: Construct real and nominal GDP, and price indices, from data on quantities and pricesin different years.Difficulty: difficultClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge

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1029) A price index can be computed byA) dividing a nominal variable by its real counterpart.B) dividing a real variable by its real counterpart.C) subtracting the nominal variable from its real counterpart.D) subtracting the real variable from its nominal counterpart.Answer: ALO: 2.3: Construct real and nominal GDP, and price indices, from data on quantities and pricesin different years.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge30) To compute a monthly consumer price index, we needA) data about consumption habits in every month.B) data about item prices every month.C) fixed exchange rates.D) the GDP or GNP deflator.Answer: BLO: 2.3: Construct real and nominal GDP, and price indices, from data on quantities and pricesin different years.Difficulty: easyClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge31) In the United States, real GDP is currently calculated usingA) a variable-weighting scheme.B) a chain-weighting scheme.C) a fixed-weighting scheme.D) an autoregressive scheme.Answer: BLO: 2.3: Construct real and nominal GDP, and price indices, from data on quantities and pricesin different years.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge32) The base year matters for the computation of real GDP becauseA) otherwise we cannot compute growth rates.B) relative prices can change over time.C) it allows an international comparison of GDP.D) it establishes a target for macroeconomic policy.Answer: BLO: 2.3: Construct real and nominal GDP, and price indices, from data on quantities and pricesin different years.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge

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1133) The GDP deflator is a broader measure of the price level than the CPI becauseA) it covers sales tax.B) it covers rents.C) it covers investment.D) it factors out fluctuations in seasonal items.Answer: CLO: 2.3: Construct real and nominal GDP, and price indices, from data on quantities and pricesin different years.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge34) When we try to measure real GDP and the price level, if we underestimate the growth in realGDP, we willA) always underestimate the rate of inflation.B) sometimes underestimate the rate of inflation.C) always overestimate the rate of inflation.D) sometimes overestimate the rate of inflation.Answer: CLO: 2.4: State the key difficulties in measuring GDP and the price level.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge35) All of the following present significant problems with measuring real GDP and the pricelevelexceptA) changes in absolute price levels.B) changes in relative price levels.C) changes in the quality of goods over time.D) the introduction of new goods.Answer: ALO: 2.4: State the key difficulties in measuring GDP and the price level.Difficulty: moderateClassification: conceptAACSB: application of knowledge36) Changes in relative prices cause problems in measuring real GDP becauseA) consumers can be irrational.B) this increases activity in the underground economy.C) consumers substitute relatively cheaper goods for ones that have become relatively morecostly.D) government statisticians are following the wrong approaches.Answer: CLO: 2.4: State the key difficulties in measuring GDP and the price level.Difficulty: moderateClassification: applicationAACSB: application of knowledge

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