Human Genetics, 12th Edition Test Bank

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Human Genetics, 12th Edition Test Bank gives you instant access to a variety of exam-focused practice questions.

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ExamName___________________________________MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers thequestion.1)The genes of the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) system encode cell surface1)A)phospholipids.B)histamines.C)glycoproteins.D)glycolipids.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)2)Major histocompatiblity complex (MHC) genes account for about ________ percent ofthe genetic influence on immunity.2)A)40B)50C)20D)30Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)3)Monoclonal antibodies are produced by fusing a3)A)mast cell and a macrophage.B)B cell and a cancer cell.C)B cell and a T cell.D)T cell and a plasma cell.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)4)The two major types of lymphocytes are4)A)RBCs and WBCs.B)T and B cells.C)A and B cells.D)cytokines and antibodies.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)1

5)A woman is given RhoGAM to protect future fetuses from hemolytic disease of thefetus and newborn if5)A)she is Rh+and the fetus is Rh-.B)she is Rh-and the father is Rh+.C)she and the fetus are both Rh-.D)she is Rh+and the father is Rh-.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)6)In an allergic reaction, allergens bind ________, which release allergy mediators.6)A)histamines on mast cell surfacesB)IgG antibodies on B cell surfacesC)allergy genes on chromosome 5D)IgE antibodies on mast cell surfacesAnswer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)7)The simplest type of antibody consists of7)A)4 polypeptide chains, two heavy and two light.B)4 polypeptide chains of about equal size.C)2 polypeptide chains, one large and one small.D)a single folded polypeptide chain.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)8)People do not develop a secondary immune response to influenza because8)A)the causative viruses mutate each season.B)the primary immune response is sufficient to protect against flu.C)the immune system mutates from season to season.D)secondary immune responses are only possible against bacteria.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)2

9)The difference between innate immunity and adaptive immunity is that9)A)innate immunity targets cancers and transplants; adaptive immunity targets virusesand bacteria.B)adaptive immunity releases cytokines; innate immunity produces antibodies.C)adaptive immunity attacks pathogens; innate immunity attacks microbes.D)innate immunity is fast and generalized; adaptive immunity is slow and specific.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)10)An antigen is10)A)a molecule that can elicit an immune response.B)a protective protein that the immune system produces.C)a nucleic acid only.D)a protein or nucleic acid.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)11)All of the following are cytokines except11)A)interferons.B)interleukins.C)tumor necrosis factor.D)collectins.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)12)The constant region of an antibody molecule is12)A)the binding site for two antigens.B)the binding site for antigens.C)similar in all antibody molecules.D)part of the heavy chains only.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)3

13)The primary function of plasma cells is to13)A)secrete antibodies.B)remember immune responses.C)protect phagocytes.D)secrete cytokines.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)14)A vaccine protects by stimulating a person to produce a(n) ________ response when apathogen is encountered.14)A)primary immuneB)anaphylacticC)tertiary immuneD)secondary immuneAnswer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)15)________ is used to track the outbreak of infectious diseases.15)A)Reverse vaccinologyB)ImmunotherapyC)Genome sequencingD)VaccinationAnswer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)16)Inflammation helps to fight infection by16)A)producing collectins, cytokines, and red blood cells.B)producing antibodies that kill viruses and bacteria.C)creating an environment in the body that is hostile to pathogens.D)limiting the number of phagocytes at the infection site.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)4

17)In reverse vaccinology, researchers develop vaccines by17)A)considering how rapidly pathogens divide in laboratory culture.B)injecting human antigens into pathogen genomes.C)culturing pathogens in laboratory glassware.D)consulting genome sequence to identify genes that encode hidden antigens thatmay be used as the basis for a vaccine.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)18)Scleroderma is a disorder that can be caused by18)A)retained fetal cells with surfaces that are similar to the mother's cells.B)repeated exposure to the scleroderma virus.C)retained fetal cells with surfaces that are very different from those of the mother.D)retained fetal cells with surfaces that are similar to the father's cells.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)19)An example of an autoimmune disorder is19)A)colon cancer.B)severe combined immune deficiency.C)systemic lupus erythematosus.D)hay fever.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)5

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20)The functions of antibodies include20)A)activating complement, inactivating pathogens, and clumping pathogens.B)creating a warm and swollen area near the site of infection, which harms thepathogens.C)activating macrophages, stimulating mast cells, and increasing the white blood cellcount.D)causing B cells to bind to T cells, forming clumps that are visible to the immunesystem.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)21)Infecting people with ________ led to vaccination against smallpox.21)A)swine flu virusB)cowpoxC)measles virusD)chickenpox virusAnswer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)22)In an allograft, the tissue donor is22)A)the recipient.B)a dizygotic twin.C)a monozygotic twin.D)a non-relative.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)23)In a less severe form of combined immune deficiency, the individual23)A)lacks both T and B cells.B)has no white blood cells.C)has normal numbers of T and B cells.D)has some T cells but lacks B cells.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)6

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24)HIV destroys the immune system by primarily destroying24)A)B cells.B)erythrocytes.C)cytotoxic T cells.D)helper T cells.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)25)The human immune system consists of25)A)about 10,000 cells that increase rapidly to trillions when an infection takes hold.B)all of the bacteria and viruses that are normally present in our bodies plus ourblood cells.C)about 2 trillion cells, their secretions, and the organs where they are produced andstored.D)the heart and blood vessels and the blood cells within the vessels.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)26)The protection against a specific infectious disease that arises when all or nearly all of apopulation is vaccinated is termed26)A)mandatory vaccination.B)immune preparedness.C)government-controlled health care.D)herd immunity.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)27)Monoclonal implies that the27)A)antigens are from a single source.B)antibodies are identical.C)antibodies come from a twin.D)cancer cells are all of one type.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)7

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28)Heart valve replacement in humans using a pig valve is an example of a(n)28)A)autograft.B)xenograft.C)isograft.D)allograft.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)29)The part of an antigen binding site on an antibody that binds antigen is the29)A)idiotype.B)epitope.C)intron.D)idioblast.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)30)________ bonds hold together the polypeptide chains that form an antibody.30)A)PhosphodiesterB)DisulfideC)HydrogenD)PeptideAnswer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)31)Cluster-of-differentiation antigens are found on31)A)T cells, enabling them to recognize foreign antigens on macrophages.B)macrophages, enabling them to link with both B and T cells.C)B cells, where they make recognition of self antigens on macrophages possible.D)B cells, where they determine the antibody types that are made.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)8

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32)People who cannot become infected with HIV have32)A)deletions in the genes encoding the CCR5 coreceptors.B)a gene encoding a protein that attacks the virus.C)anti-HIV antigens.D)extra T cells.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)33)Identifying combinations of ________ alleles is useful in tissue typing, establishingidentity, and estimating disease risk.33)A)antibodyB)HLAC)erythrocyteD)HIVAnswer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)34)One way an autoimmune disorder can arise is if34)A)a person inhales an allergen.B)a nonself antigen coincidentally resembles a self antigen.C)too many T cells die in the thymus.D)a person encounters an immunodeficiency virus.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)35)Helper T cells secrete35)A)antibodies.B)antigens.C)immunoglobulins.D)cytokines.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)9

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36)The new approach to type blood, by identifying the instructions for the cell-surfaceantigens, is36)A)serology.B)gene therapy.C)genotyping.D)phenotyping.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)37)The enzyme ________ allows HIV to make a DNA copy of its RNA genome.37)A)RNA polymeraseB)DNA polymeraseC)reverse transcriptaseD)DNA transcriptaseAnswer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)38)Antibody diversity is a consequence of38)A)shuffling of antibody genes into different combinations during B celldevelopment.B)differential regulation of antibody gene expression under different circumstances.C)the huge number of antibody genes.D)the many types of viruses that exist in nature.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)39)Which type of white blood cell secretes specific antibodies?39)A)T cellB)CytokineC)ErythrocyteD)B cellAnswer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)10

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40)The three basic characteristics of adaptive immunity are40)A)generality, diversity, and retention.B)prevention, protection, and memory.C)specificity, diversity, and memory.D)suppression, activation, and transference.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)41)B cells secrete antibodies when they41)A)are stimulated by activated T cells.B)are engulfed by macrophages.C)bind antigens.D)undergo apoptosis.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)42)Cytotoxic T cells target42)A)B cells and macrophages.B)skin cells and blood cells.C)cancer cells and virally infected cells.D)bacterial cells and fungal cells.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)43)Severe combined immune deficiencies (SCID) affect both43)A)white blood cells and red blood cells.B)mast cells and macrophages.C)helper B cells and cytotoxic B cells.D)humoral and cellular immunity.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)11

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44)The human leukocyte antigen genes are on the44)A)long arm of chromosome 18.B)short arm of chromosome 2.C)short arm of chromosome 6.D)long arm of chromosome 6.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.45)Experimental gene therapy can be used to treat a form of severe combined immunedeficiency, SCID-X1.45)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:46)The function of dendritic cells is to signal T cells, starting an immune response.46)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:47)Antigen-presenting dendritic cells are found in the skin and in the linings of therespiratory and digestive tracts.47)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:48)Research suggests a link between a mutation in the skin protein filaggrin and allergicreaction.48)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:49)Mutation of the CCR5 coreceptor may have enabled people to survive various Europeanplagues during the Middle Ages.49)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:50)People homozygous recessive for a 32-base deletion in the CCR5 gene do not becomeinfected with HIV.50)Answer:TrueFalseExplanation:12

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ExamName___________________________________MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers thequestion.1)The part of a chromosome that shortens with each cell division, functioning as a"clock," is the1)A)centromere.B)centrosome.C)telomere.D)centriole.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)2)Human stem cells are valuable in drug development because they can be used to2)A)study the latest stages of the disease that would have unfolded if the person hadn'tdied.B)grow human embryos in culture, on which drugs can be tested.C)replace experimental animals such as rats and mice.D)create experimental organisms, such as rats and mice.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)3)The internal architecture of a cell consists of3)A)chitin and chlorophyll.B)microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments.C)cilia and flagella.D)lipid bilayers.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)1

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4)Which of the following is a cure for people with recurrent infection from Clostridiumdifficile?4)A)Renal transplantationB)Genetic restructuringC)Fecal transplantationD)GraftingAnswer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)5)Organelles protect a cell by5)A)containing powerful enzymes that kill any bacteria that enter.B)sequestering biochemicals that could dismantle other cellular structures.C)forming a thick outer barrier.D)placing flag-like molecules on a cell's surface, which identify that cell asbelonging to a particular person.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)6)Egg cells are6)A)diploid germ cells.B)diploid somatic cells.C)haploid somatic cells.D)haploid germ cells.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)7)The major macromolecules that make up cells are7)A)vitamins and minerals.B)eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and archaea.C)carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.D)carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)2

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8)"Adult" stem cells are more accurately called tissue-specific or somatic stem cellsbecause8)A)some adults do not have them.B)they are also present in the tissues of embryos, fetuses, and children.C)an adult body also contains embryonic stem cells.D)whether they are present or not in an adult depends upon the individual's level ofmaturity.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)9)Which of the following is true of the human microbiome?9)A)High blood sugar following weight-loss surgery is partly due to a changed gutmicrobiome.B)Antibiotics do not alter the gut microbiome.C)An altered microbiome hastens starvation in malnourished children.D)The microbiome consists primarily of cells that belong to the human body.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)10)The organelle that consists of a stack of flat, membrane-enclosed sacs is the10)A)nucleus.B)Golgi apparatus.C)mitochondrion.D)nucleolus.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)11)A difference between a stem cell and a progenitor cell is that11)A)progenitor cells are rare but stem cells are abundant.B)a progenitor cell cannot self-renew and a stem cell can.C)progenitor cells are not present in embryos but stem cells are.D)a stem cell cannot self-renew and a progenitor cell can.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)3

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12)Cilia are built of12)A)microtubules.B)micronutrients.C)microorganisms.D)microfilaments.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)13)Select the true statement.13)A)Somatic cells are diploid, meaning that they have two copies of the humangenome.B)Stem cells are haploid, meaning that they have one copy of the human genome.C)Sperm and egg cells are diploid, meaning that they have two copies of the humangenome.D)Somatic cells are haploid, meaning that they have one copy of the human genome.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)14)Which of the following bacteria benefits humans?14)A)EnteritisSalmonellaB)Streptococcus PyogenesC)Salmonella TyphiD)LactobacillusAnswer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)15)In mitochondria,15)A)all of a cell's DNA is replicated.B)energy from nutrients is converted into a form that a cell can use.C)fats and carbohydrates are degraded.D)sugars are added to proteins.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)4

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16)During apoptosis, caspases16)A)cause mitochondria to replicate their DNA.B)alter the cell surface so that viruses can more easily enter.C)remove introns from DNA.D)activate enzymes that cut DNA into same-sized pieces.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)17)In a human cell, the genetic material is in the17)A)ribosome.B)cytoplasm.C)nucleus.D)lysosome.Answer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)18)About ________ average-sized bacteria could fit into a human cell.18)A)10B)1,000C)10,000D)100Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)19)The two major stages of the cell cycle are19)A)mitosis and apoptosis.B)interphase and prophase.C)mitosis and meiosis.D)interphase and mitosis.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)5

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20)A researcher identifies an abnormality in a protein that causes a particular inheritedillness. To develop a treatment, it would be most helpful to know20)A)the other types of molecules that cause or contribute to the disease.B)how the mutation was caused.C)if this type of mutation occurs in all species.D)which cells are affected and how to replace the protein's function in them.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)21)Humans belong to domain ________, which is distinguished by cells that have________.21)A)Archaea; ancient organellesB)Prokarya; organellesC)Eukarya; organellesD)Prokarya; proteinsAnswer:CExplanation:A)B)C)D)22)At the point in the cell cycle when mitosis begins22)A)each chromosome consists of two identical chromatids joined at the centromere.B)the number of chromosomes is reduced to half.C)the cell enters a dormant phase.D)DNA replication begins.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)23)The cell cycle is a series of events a cell undergoes as it prepares to23)A)pass along a signal.B)die.C)adhere to another cell.D)divide.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)6

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24)A type of vesicle that ferries molecules, such as cholesterol, to lysosomes is an24)A)ectosome.B)episome.C)oprahsome.D)endosome.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)25)A molecule that binds a cell surface receptor is called a25)A)ligand.B)nuclear pore.C)peroxisome.D)nucleic acid.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)26)The defining characteristic of a stem cell is26)A)its origin from a progenitor cell.B)self-renewal.C)the ability to turn into a cancer cell.D)self-repair.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)27)The cell type with the most mitochondria is27)A)sperm.B)fat.C)nerve.D)muscle.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)28)The nuclear lamina is28)A)part of the nucleus that holds RNA.B)a fibrous layer that lines the inner face of the nuclear membrane.C)the sac that holds the genetic material.D)the site of protein synthesis.Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)7

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29)The order of events in the cell cycle is29)A)G1to S to G2to mitosis.B)G1to G2to S to mitosis.C)Mitosis to G1to G2to S.D)S to G1to G2to mitosis.Answer:AExplanation:A)B)C)D)30)The cells within and on us that are not actually of us constitute the30)A)parasite family.B)exome.C)cytoskeleton.D)human microbiome.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)31)Cristae are31)A)bits of sugars in the Golgi apparatus.B)types of insects.C)types of genes.D)membranous structures that are parts of mitochondria.Answer:DExplanation:A)B)C)D)32)DNA replicates during the ________ phase of the cell cycle.32)A)G1B)SC)G2D)G3Answer:BExplanation:A)B)C)D)8

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