Test Bank for Radiologic Science for Technologists: Physics, Biology, and Protection, 12th Edition (Chapters 1-40)

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Test Bank For Radiologic Science for Technologists 12thEdition by Bushong Chapter 1-40 [Updated 2024]TEST BANK

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Chapter 01: Essential Concepts of Radiologic ScienceBushong: Radiologic Science for Technologists, 12th EditionMULTIPLE CHOICE1.Matter is measured in.a.kilogramsb.joulesc.electron voltsd.remsANS: AMatter is measured in kilograms.2.Atoms and molecules are the fundamental building blocks of.a.energyb.radiationc.matterd.gravityANS: CAtoms and molecules are the fundamental building blocks of matter.3.Ice and steam are examples of two forms of.a.matterb.radiationc.energyd.workANS: AIce and steam are examples of two forms of matter.4.The formula E = mc2is the basis for the theory that led to the development of.a.x-raysb.electromagnetic radiationc.nuclear powerd.cathode ray tubesANS: CThe formula E = mc2is the basis for the theory that led to the development of nuclear power.5.Radio waves, light, and x-rays are all examples ofenergy.a.nuclearb.thermalc.electricald.electromagneticANS: DElectromagnetic energy includes radio waves, light, and x-rays as well as other parts of thespectrum.

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6.A moving object hasenergy.a.potentialb.kineticc.nucleard.electromagneticANS: BA moving object has kinetic energy.7.What is the removal of an electron from an atom called?a.Ionizationb.Pair productionc.Irradiationd.ElectricityANS: AThe removal of an electron from an atom is called ionization.8.Ionizing radiation is capable of removingfrom atoms as it passes through thematter.a.neutronsb.protonsc.electronsd.ionsANS: CIonizing radiation is capable of removing electrons from atoms as it passes through the matter.9.The energy of x-rays is _.a.thermalb.potentialc.kineticd.electromagneticANS: DX-rays are a form of electromagnetic energy.10.The biggest source of man-made ionizing radiation exposure to the public is.a.atomic falloutb.diagnostic x-raysc.smoke detectorsd.nuclear power plantsANS: BMedical x-ray exposure is the biggest source of man-made radiation.11.In the United States, we are exposed to_ mSv/year of ionizing radiation from thenatural environment.a.0 to 5b.5 to 20c.20 to 90

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d.100 to 300ANS: AWe are exposed to about 3 mSv/yr of ionizing radiation from natural environmental sources inthe United States.12.Today, radiology is considered to be a(n)occupation.a.safeb.unsafec.dangerousd.high-riskANS: AToday, radiology is considered to be a safe occupation because of effective radiationprotection practices.13.is a special quantity of radiologic science.a.Massb.Velocityc.Radioactivityd.MomentumANS: CRadioactivity is a special quantity of radiologic science.14.What does ALARA mean?a.All Level Alert Radiation Accidentb.As Low As Reasonably Achievablec.Always Leave A Restricted Aread.As Low As Regulations AllowANS: BALARA means As Low As Reasonably Achievable.15.Computed tomography was developed in the.a.1890sb.1920sc.1970sd.1990sANS: CComputed tomography was developed in the 1970s.16.Filtration is used to.a.absorb low-energy x-raysb.remove high-energy x-raysc.restrict the useful beam to the body part imagedd.fabricate gonadal shieldsANS: AFiltration is used to absorb low-energy x-rays.

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TRUE/FALSE1.Mass is the quantity of matter as described by its energy equivalence.ANS: TMass is the quantity of matter as described by its energy equivalence.2.Radiation is the removal of an electron from an atom.ANS: FIonization is the removal of an electron from an atom.3.Radiology emerged as a medical specialty because of the Snook transformer and the Crookesx-ray tube.ANS: FRadiology emerged as a medical specialty because of the Snook transformer and the Coolidgex-ray tube.Chapter 02: Basic Physics PrimerBushong: Radiologic Science for Technologists, 12th EditionMULTIPLE CHOICE1.The basic quantities measured in mechanics are _,, and.a.volume; length; metersb.mass; length; timec.radioactivity; dose; exposured.meters; kilos; secondsANS: BThe basic quantities measured in mechanics are mass, length, and time.2.An example of a derived quantity in mechanical physics is a.a.meterb.secondc.dosed.volumeANS: DVolume is a derived unit.3.Exposure is measured in units of.a.becquerelb.sievertsc.metersd.graysANS: D

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Exposure is measured in units of grays.4.What is the decimal equivalent of the proper fraction 4/1000?a.0004b.004c.04d.4ANS: BThe decimal equivalent of the proper fraction 4/1000 is .004.5.What is the decimal equivalent of the improper fraction 289/74?a.390b.3.90c.39.0d.390.0ANS: BThe decimal equivalent of the improper fraction 289/74 is 3.90.6.The first step to expressing a number in scientific notation is to.a.round up to the nearest 1000b.round down to the nearest 1000c.write the number in decimal formd.write the number as a fractionANS: CThe first step to expressing a number in scientific notation is to write the number in decimalform.7.What is 6080 in exponential form?a.6080.0104b.608.0104c.6.080103d.6080103ANS: CThe number 6080 in exponential form is 6.0801038.Graphs are typically based on two axes; aand a.a.y-axis; z-axisb.oblique; horizontalc.x-axis; y-axisd.vertical; obliqueANS: CMost graphs are based on two axes: a horizontal or x-axis and a vertical or y-axis.9.In radiologic science, all of the following are special quantities, except:a.exposure.b.distance.c.dose.

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d.effective dose.ANS: BIn radiologic science, special quantities are those of exposure, dose, effective dose, andradioactivity.10.The SI unit of velocity is.a.meters per secondb.miles per hourc.meters per millisecondd.kilometers per secondANS: CUnits of velocity in SI are meters per second (m/s).11.Mass density should be reported in which units?a.Coulomb/kilogramb.Newtons per square meterc.Kilograms per cubic meterd.Kilograms per square meterANS: CMass density should be reported with units of kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m3).12.An object at rest willif no outside forces are applied.a.stay at restb.decrease massc.increase velocityd.decrease velocityANS: AAn object at rest will stay at rest if no outside forces are applied.13.Which of the following explains the difference between speed and velocity?a.One has motion, and the other does not.b.One involves acceleration, and the other does not.c.One involves time, and the other does not.d.One has direction, and the other does not.ANS: BVelocity includes acceleration and speed does not. Speed is the rate at which an object coversdistance.14.For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction, this describes which Newton’s law?a.Newton’s first law of motionb.Newton’s second law of motionc.Newton’s third law of motiond.Newton’s law of inertiaANS: CNewton's third law of motion states that for every action, there is an equal and oppositereaction.

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15.Work is the product ofand distance.a.forceb.gravityc.accelerationd.motionANS: AWork is the product of force and distance.16.The transfer of heat by the emission of infrared radiation is.a.electric radiationb.magnetic energyc.mechanical energyd.thermal radiationANS: DThermal radiation is the transfer of heat by the emission of infrared radiation.17.What heat transfer takes place when you burn your finger by touching a hot iron?a.Conductionb.Convectionc.Radiationd.ElectromagneticANS: AConduction is the transfer of heat through a material or by touching.18.What heat transfer takes place when water is boiled?a.Conductionb.Convectionc.Radiationd.ElectromagneticANS: BConvection is the mechanical transfer of―hot‖molecules in a gas or liquid from one place toanother.19.What are the two cryogens used in Magnetic resonance imaging with a superconductingmagnet?a.Gaseous helium and gaseous nitrogenb.Liquid helium and gaseous nitrogenc.Gaseous helium and liquid heliumd.Liquid helium and liquid nitrogenANS: DLiquid nitrogen and liquid helium are the two cryogens that are used in magnetic resonanceimaging with a superconducting magnet.20.When you stretch a rubber band, you are storing _energy.a.kineticb.potentialc.thermal

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d.radiantANS: BPotential energy is the stored energy of position or configuration.Chapter 03: The Structure of MatterBushong: Radiologic Science for Technologists, 12th EditionMULTIPLE CHOICE1.The term―atom‖was first used by the.a.Ethiopiansb.Britishc.Greeksd.RomansANS: CThe term―atom‖was first used by the Greeks.2.The first person to describe an element as being composed of identical atoms was.a.J. J. Thomsonb.John Daltonc.Dmitri Mendeleevd.Niels BohrANS: BThe first person to describe an element as being composed of identical atoms was JohnDalton.3.The smallest particle that has all the properties of an element is a(n).a.neutronb.protonc.electrond.atomANS: DThe smallest particle that has all the properties of an element is an atom.4.The periodic table of the elements was developed byin the late 19th century.a.Bohrb.Rutherfordc.Mendeleevd.RoentgenANS: CThe Periodic Table was developed by Mendeleev.5.Rutherford’s experiments in 1911 showed that the atom was composed of.a.electrons with well-defined orbitsb.a nucleus with an electron cloud

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c.electrified plum puddingd.a ball of hooks and eyesANS: CRutherford’s experiments in 1911 showed that the atom was composed of a nucleus with anelectron cloud.6.A positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well-definedorbits is themodel of the atom.a.Bohrb.Thomsonc.Rutherfordd.DaltonANS: AA positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons in well-definedorbits is the Bohr model of the atom.7.What are the fundamental particles of an atom?a.Quark, positron, negatronb.Nucleon, electron, protonc.Proton, neutron, quarkd.Proton, electron, neutronANS: DThe fundamental particles of an atom are the proton, electron, and neutron.8.The chemical element is determined by the number ofin the atom.a.protonsb.electronsc.neutronsd.nucleonsANS: AThe chemical element is determined by the number of protons in the atom.9.An atom in a normal state has an electrical charge of.a.oneb.zeroc.positived.negativeANS: BAn atom in a normal state has an electrical charge of zero.10.The binding energies, or energy levels, of electrons are represented by their.a.atomic numbersb.atomic mass unitsc.shellsd.isotopesANS: C

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The binding energies, or energy levels, of electrons are represented by their shells.11.When an atom has the same number of protons as another, but a different number of neutrons,it is called an.a.isomerb.isobarc.isotoned.isotopeANS: DWhen an atom has the same number of protons as another, but a different number of neutrons,it is called an isotope.12.When atoms of various elements combine, they form.a.isotopesb.compoundsc.moleculesd.ionsANS: CWhen atoms of various elements combine, they form molecules.13.An atom that loses or gains one or more electrons is a(n).a.ionb.moleculec.isotoped.isomerANS: AAn atom that loses or gains one or more electrons is an ion.14.The maximum number of electrons that can exist in an electron shell is calculated with theformula.a.2nb.2n2c.2/nd.2/n2ANS: BThe number of electrons in an electron shell is calculated with the formula 2n2.15.A neutral atom has the same number of_ and electrons.a.quarksb.neutrinosc.neutronsd.protonsANS: DA neutral atom has the same number of protons and electrons.16.The innermost electron shell is symbolized by the letter.a.J

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b.Kc.Ld.MANS: BThe innermost electron shell is symbolized by the letter K.17.The shell number of an atom is called the.a.alpha particleb.chemical elementc.principal quantum numberd.half-life numberANS: CThe shell number of an atom is called the principal quantum number.18.The atomic number of an element is symbolized by the letter.a.Ab.Xc.Zd.nANS: CThe atomic number of an element is symbolized by the letter Z.19.Aluminum has an atomic number of 13. How many protons does it have?a.13b.26c.27d.None of the optionsANS: AThe atomic number equals the number of protons in an atom.20.Two identical atoms which exist at different energy states are called.a.isotopesb.isomersc.isotonesd.isobarsANS: BTwo identical atoms which exist at different energy states are called isomers.Chapter 04: Electromagnetic EnergyBushong: Radiologic Science for Technologists, 12th EditionMULTIPLE CHOICE1.The four properties of photons are,,and.a.size; shape; spin; massb.frequency; mass; amplitude; wavelengthc.frequency; wavelength; velocity; amplitude

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d.refraction; velocity; spin; amplitudeANS: CThe properties of photons are frequency, wavelength, velocity, and amplitude.2.The smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic radiation is a(n).a.photonb.electronc.neutrinod.quarkANS: AThe smallest quantity of any type of electromagnetic radiation is a photon.3.What is the velocity of all electromagnetic radiation?a.8103m/sb.2108m/sc.3108m/sd.4103m/sANS: CThe velocity of all electromagnetic radiation is 3108m/s.4.The rate of rise and fall of a sine wave is called its.a.amplitudeb.frequencyc.wavelengthd.velocityANS: BThe rate of rise and fall of a sine wave is called its frequency.5.A hertz (Hz) is equal tocycle(s) per second.a.103b.102c.10d.1ANS: DA hertz is equal to 1 cycle per second.6.What is the electromagnetic wave equation?a.c = fb.c = f/c.c = fvd.c = f –ANS: AThe wave equation is c = f.7.Theof electromagnetic radiation is constant.a.amplitude

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b.velocityc.frequencyd.wavelengthANS: BThe velocity of electromagnetic radiation is constant.8.If the wavelength of a beam of electromagnetic radiation increases by a factor of 2, then itsfrequency must.a.doubleb.increase four timesc.decrease by halfd.remain constantANS: CIf the wavelength of a beam of electromagnetic radiation increases by a factor of 2, then itsfrequency must decrease by half.9.The intensity of radiationinproportion to the square of the distance ofthe object from the source.a.increases; directb.decreases; directc.increases; inversed.decreases; inverseANS: DThe intensity of radiation decreases in inverse proportion to the square of the distance of theobject from the source.10.The reduction of radiation intensity due to scattering and absorption is called.a.reflectionb.refractionc.attenuationd.dispersionANS: CThe reduction of radiation intensity due to scattering and absorption is called attenuation.11.The intensity of radiation on an object is reduced with distance because the radiation.a.reduces its velocityb.increases in wavelengthc.loses its energyd.is spread out over a greater areaANS: DThe intensity of radiation on an object is reduced with distance because the radiation is spreadout over a greater area.12.If the intensity of light from a flashlight is 4 millilumens (mlm) at a distance of 3 feet, whatwill the intensity be at 6 feet?a.0.4 millilumens

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b.1 millilumenc.2 millilumensd.16 millilumensANS: BIf the intensity of light from a flashlight is 4 millilumens (mlm) at a distance of 3 feet usingthe inverse square law, it will be 1 millilumen at 6 feet.13.The diagnostic range of x-ray energy is.a.30 to 150 kVpb.200 to 300 kVpc.300 to 1000 kVpd.over 1 MVANS: AThe diagnostic range of x-ray energy is 30 to 150 kVp.14.The energy of a photon is directly proportional to its.a.amplitudeb.frequencyc.velocityd.wavelengthANS: BThe energy of a photon is directly proportional to its frequency.15.The mass equivalent of a 100 KeV photon of radiation can be calculated using the.a.inverse square formulab.equivalent Planck equationc.relativity formulad.Planck quantum equationANS: CThe mass equivalent of a 100 KeV photon of radiation can be calculated using the relativityformula.16.X-rays are usually identified by their.a.energyb.velocityc.wavelengthd.hertzANS: AX-rays are usually identified by their energy.17.The lowest energy range of the electromagnetic spectrum is.a.sound wavesb.radio wavesc.gamma raysd.microwavesANS: B

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The lowest energy range on the electromagnetic spectrum is radio waves.18.Gamma rays are produced in theof the atom.a.outer electron shellb.inner electron shellc.nucleusd.K-shellANS: CGamma rays are produced in the nucleus of the atom.19.Photons tend to interact with mattertheir wavelength.a.equal in size tob.larger in size thanc.smaller in size thand.unequal in size toANS: APhotons tend to interact with matter equal in size to their wavelength.20.Photons with the highest frequencies have the.a.highest velocityb.lowest energyc.longest wavelengthsd.shortest wavelengthsANS: DPhotons with the highest frequencies have the shortest wavelengths.Chapter 05: Electricity, Magnetism, and ElectromagnetismBushong: Radiologic Science for Technologists, 12th EditionMULTIPLE CHOICE1.The smallest unit of electrical charge is the.a.electronb.protonc.neutrond.neutrinoANS: AThe smallest unit of electrical charge is the electron.2.Electrification occurs through the movement of.a.protons onlyb.protons and electronsc.electrons onlyd.electrons and neutronsANS: CElectrification occurs only through the movement of electrons.

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3.Like chargesand unlike charges_.a.repel; repelb.attract; attractc.attract; repeld.repel; attractANS: DLike charges repel and unlike charges attract.4.Electrostatic force isproportional to the distance between charges, andproportional to the product of the charges.a.directly; inverselyb.inversely; directlyc.inversely; inverselyd.directly; directlyANS: BElectrostatic force is inversely proportional to the distance between charges, and directlyproportional to the product of the charges.5.The charges on an electrified object are distributed.a.in the center of the objectb.on the side nearest the chargec.on the topside of the objectd.evenly throughout the objectANS: DThe charges on an electrified object are distributed evenly throughout.6.On the surface of an electrified object, the charges concentrate on the.a.top sideb.undersidec.sharpest curvaturesd.smoothest curvaturesANS: COn the surface of an electrified object, the charges concentrate on the sharpest curvature.7.Ais a source of direct current.

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a.wall socketb.batteryc.generatord.sparkANS: BA battery is a source of direct current.8.What is the unit of electric potential?a.Wattb.Ampc.Voltd.OhmANS: CThe unit of electric potential is the volt.9.An electric potential applied to a conductor produces a(n).a.electric currentb.magnetic fieldc.electric insulator and conductord.electric current and a magnetic fieldANS: DWhen an electric potential is applied to a conductor, both an electric current and a magneticfield are produced.10.An alternating (AC) current is represented by aline.a.sinusoidalb.horizontal

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c.verticald.descendingANS: AAn alternating (AC) current is represented by a sinusoidal line.11.Auses direct current.a.hair dryerb.toasterc.microwaved.flashlightANS: DA flashlight is battery operated, and batteries use direct current.12.Alternating current is produced by a.a.batteryb.generatorc.capacitord.semiconductorANS: BAlternating current is produced by a generator.13.What is Ohm’s law?a.I = V/Rb.V = I/Rc.R = VId.I = VR

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ANS: AOhm’s law is I = V/R.14.A charged particle in motion creates a(n).a.negative chargeb.positive chargec.magnetic fieldd.electrostatic chargeANS: CA charged particle in motion creates a magnetic field.15.Electrical power is measured in.a.coulombsb.amperesc.voltsd.wattsANS: DElectrical power is measured in watts.16.Rubber and glass are.a.semiconductorsb.conductorsc.insulatorsd.superconductorsANS: CRubber and glass are insulators because they are nonconductors.

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17.The rotation of electrons on their axis is the property called.a.magnetic forceb.electron spinc.unified field theoryd.magnetic inductionANS: BThe rotation of electrons on their axis is the property called electron spin.18.When a group of dipoles are aligned, they create.a.a magnetic domainb.paramagnetic materialc.magnetic resonanced.a north poleANS: AWhen a group of dipoles are aligned, they create a magnetic domain.19.In the United States, alternating current goes through a complete cycle everysecond.a.1/120b.1/100c.1/60d.1/30ANS: CIn the United States, alternating current goes through a complete cycle every 1/60 second.20.What is the SI unit of magnetic field strength?a.Ampere

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b.Teslac.Dipoled.OhmANS: BThe SI unit of magnetic field strength is the tesla or gauss.Chapter 06: The X-Ray Imaging SystemBushong: Radiologic Science for Technologists, 12th EditionMULTIPLE CHOICE1.The three main parts of the x-ray imaging system are the x-ray tube,, and.a.protective barrier; tabletopb.operating console; high voltage generatorc.rectification circuit; operating consoled.crane assembly; tabletopANS: BThe three main parts of the x-ray imaging system are the x-ray tube, operating console, andhigh voltage generator.2.The operating console contains circuits that are.a.both high voltage and low voltageb.high voltage onlyc.low voltage onlyd.non-voltageANS: CThe operating console contains circuits that are low voltage only.

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3.Variations in power distribution to the x-ray machine are corrected by the.a.line voltage compensatorb.high voltage autotransformerc.full-wave rectifierd.automatic exposure controlANS: AVariations in power distribution to the x-ray machine are corrected by the line voltagecompensator.4.The first component to receive power in the x-ray circuit is the.a.mA meterb.high voltage transformerc.rectifierd.autotransformerANS: DThe first component in the x-ray circuit is the autotransformer.5.The autotransformer haswinding(s).a.oneb.twoc.threed.fourANS: AThe autotransformer has one winding.6.Thecircuit provides electrons for the x-ray tube current.

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a.rectifierb.autotransformerc.high voltaged.filamentANS: DThe filament circuit provides electrons for the x-ray tube current.7.Thermionic emission at the filament determines theacross the x-ray tube duringan exposure.a.kilovoltageb.milliamperagec.resistanced.magnetismANS: BThermionic emission at the filament determines the milliamperage across the x-ray tubeduring an exposure.8.A step-down transformer is located in thecircuit.a.tubeb.timingc.filamentd.rectifierANS: CA step-down transformer is located in the filament circuit.9.The most accurate type of timer is thetimer.a.mechanical

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b.electronicc.synchronousd.mAsANS: BThe most accurate type of timer is the electronic timer.10.The automatic exposure control (AEC) terminates the exposure when.a.the set time is reachedb.set radiation leaves the x-ray tubec.sufficient radiation reaches the image receptord.the correct mAs is reachedANS: CThe automatic exposure control (AEC) terminates the exposure when sufficient radiationreaches the image receptor.11.The mAs timer is usually set to give themA at thetime.a.highest; highestb.highest; shortestc.lowest; shortestd.lowest; highestANS: BThe mAs timer is usually set to give the highest mA at the shortest time.12.The step-up transformer increases voltagetimes.a.500 to 1000b.200 to 300c.60 to 120

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d.20 to 50ANS: AThe step-up transformer increases voltage 500 to 1000 times.13.A diode allows electrons to flow from.a.anode to cathodeb.cathode to anodec.cathode to cathoded.anode to anodeANS: BA diode allows electrons to flow from cathode to anode.14.The high voltage generator contains the high voltage transformer, the, and the.a.autotransformer; timerb.timer; rectifiersc.kVp meter; filament transformerd.filament transformer; rectifiersANS: BThe high voltage generator contains the high voltage transformer, the filament transformer,and the rectifiers.15.The difference in the waveform between the primary and secondary sides of the high voltagetransformer is_.a.frequencyb.velocityc.amplitude

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d.potential differenceANS: CThe difference in the waveform between the primary and secondary sides of the high voltagetransformer is amplitude.16.In modern imaging systems, the components for rectification are.a.capacitor discharge generatorsb.high frequency transformersc.vacuum tubesd.solid state semiconductorsANS: DIn modern imaging systems, the components for rectification are solid state semiconductors.17.With half-wave rectification, the current flows through the x-ray tube during thepart of the cycle.a.zerob.positive or negativec.positived.negativeANS: CWith half-wave rectification, the current flows through the x-ray tube during the positive partof the cycle.18.Full-wave rectified, three-phase units provide an x-ray beam atpulse(es) per second.a.1b.60c.120

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d.360ANS: DFull-wave rectified, three-phase units provide an x-ray beam at 360 pulses per second.19.Voltage across the x-ray tube ismostconstant with.a.high frequency generatorsb.single-phase, half-wave rectificationc.single-phase, full-wave rectificationd.three-phase, full-wave rectificationANS: AVoltage across the x-ray tube ismostconstant with high frequency generators.20.Most mammography units operate withgenerators.a.capacitor dischargeb.high frequencyc.single-phased.three-phaseANS: BMost mammography units operate with high frequency generators.Chapter 07: The X-Ray TubeBushong: Radiologic Science for Technologists, 12th EditionMULTIPLE CHOICE1.The most widely used support structure for the x-ray tube is the.a.C-arm

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b.floor-to-ceiling mountc.ceiling support systemd.floor support systemANS: CThe most widely used support structure for the x-ray tube is the ceiling support system.2.The external structure of the x-ray tube includes the support structure, the protective housing,and the.a.anodeb.cathodec.glass enveloped.focusing cupANS: CThe external structure of the x-ray tube includes the support structure, the protective housing,and the glass envelope.3.As an x-ray tube ages, the inside can become coated with tungsten, which can causeinthe tube.a.convectionb.anode pittingc.off-focus radiationd.arcingANS: DTungsten coating within the tube can cause arcing.4.The negative side of the x-ray tube holds the.a.filament

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b.anodec.targetd.rotorANS: AThe negative side of the x-ray tube holds the filament.5.What is the most common cause of tube failure?a.Cracked anodeb.Loose bearingsc.Pitted anoded.Tungsten vaporizationANS: DThe most common cause of tube failure is tungsten vaporization.6.The filament is made of.a.graphiteb.tungstenc.copperd.molybdenumANS: BThe filament is made of tungsten.7.Thermionic emission at the filament creates a.a.space chargeb.grid controlc.line focusd.heel effect

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