Barron's Biology Practice Plus: 400+ Online Questions and Quick Study Review (2022)

Name: Barron's Biology Practice Plus: 400+ Online Questions and Quick Study Review (2022)
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Author: Hunter Harris

Boost your confidence with Barron's Biology Practice Plus: 400+ Online Questions and Quick Study Review (2022), a collection of solved certification exam papers for thorough preparation.

Hunter Harris

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Copyright© 2022 by Kaplan North America, LLC, dba Barron’s
Educational Series Content in this book was previously published in a
different format under the title SAT® Subject Test in Biology.
All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright
Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the
non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this
eBook on screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted,
downloaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced
into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any
means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter
invented, without the express written permission of the publisher.
Published by Kaplan North America, LLC, dba Barron’s Educational Series
1515 W Cypress Creek Road
Fort Lauderdale, FL 33309
www.barronseduc.com
ISBN: 978-1-5062-8149-0
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

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About the Authors
Deborah Goldberg, M.S.
Deborah Goldberg, M.S. taught AP Biology and Chemistry at Lawrence
High School on Long Island, New York for more than 20 years. She also
spent 14 years completing research as an electron microscopist at New York
University Medical Center and New York Medical College.
Marisa Abrams, M.S.
Marisa Abrams, M.S. has taught AP Biology, Biology, and Chemistry for
19 years. She has attended the AP Biology Read (as both a reader and a
Table Leader), and she has worked with ETS and the College Board in
various capacities (item writing/reviewing for AP and serving on Biology
committees).

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CONTENTS
How to Use This Book
CHAPTER 1: BIOCHEMISTRY
Basic Chemistry—Atomic Structure
Bonding
Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic
Characteristics of Water
pH
Organic Compounds
CHAPTER 2: THE CELL
Cell Theory
Structures of Plant and Animal Cells
Transport Into and Out of the Cell
The Life Functions
The Metric System and Measuring
Tools and Techniques to Study Cells
CHAPTER 3: CELL DIVISION—MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
The Cell Cycle
Mitosis
Meiosis
CHAPTER 4: CELL RESPIRATION
ATP—Adenosine Triphosphate
Structure of the Mitochondrion
Aerobic Respiration—When Oxygen Is Present

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NADH and FADH2
Anaerobic Respiration—When Oxygen Is Not Present
CHAPTER 5: PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Structure of the Chloroplast
Light and Photosynthetic Pigments
Light-Dependent and Light-Independent Reactions
Structure of the Leaf
CHAPTER 6: CLASSICAL GENETICS
Basics of Probability
Law of Dominance
Law of Segregation
Monohybrid Cross
Backcross or Testcross
Law of Independent Assortment
Beyond Mendelian Inheritance
Polygenic Inheritance
Sex-Linked Genes
Genes and the Environment
Sex-Influenced Inheritance
Karyotype
The Pedigree
Mutations
Nondisjunction
Human Inherited Disorders
CHAPTER 7: MOLECULAR GENETICS
The Search for Inheritable Material
Structure of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
DNA Replication in Eukaryotes
Structure of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
From DNA to Protein
Gene Regulation
Mutations

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The Human Genome
Genetic Engineering and Recombinant DNA
CHAPTER 8: EVOLUTION
Evidence of Evolution
Lamarck vs. Darwin
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
Types of Natural Selection
Diversity Within a Population
Population Stability—Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
Isolation and New Species Formation
Patterns of Evolution
Theories About Evolution
How Life Began
The Heterotroph Hypothesis and the Theory of Endosymbiosis
Mass Extinctions
Important Concepts of Evolution
CHAPTER 9: BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
The Three-Domain Classification System
The Four Kingdoms of Eukarya: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Evolutionary Trends in Animals
Characteristics of Animals
Characteristics of Mammals
Characteristics of Primates
Cladograms and Phylogenetic Trees
CHAPTER 10: PLANTS
Classification of Plants
A Cladogram for Plants
Evolutionary Developments That Enabled Plants to Move to Land
How Plants Grow
Roots
Stems
The Leaf

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Stomates
Types of Plant Tissue
Transport in Plants
Plant Reproduction
Alternation of Generations
Plant Responses to Stimuli
CHAPTER 11: ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY
Movement and Locomotion
Body Temperature Regulation
Excretion
Hydra—Phylum Cnidaria
Earthworm—Phylum Annelida
Grasshopper—Phylum Arthropoda
CHAPTER 12: HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY
Digestion
Gas Exchange
Circulation
Endocrine System
Nervous System
The Eye and the Ear
Excretion
Muscles
CHAPTER 13: REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Asexual Reproduction
Sexual Reproduction
Embryonic Development
CHAPTER 14: THE HUMAN IMMUNE SYSTEM
Nonspecific Defense
Specific Defense—Third Line of Defense
Types of Immunity
Allergies, Antibiotics, Vaccines, and Autoimmune Diseases

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How to Use This Book
Barron’s Biology Practice Plus is designed to offer essential review of key
topics and loads of online practice to help you excel in biology.
Online Practice
Access more than 400 questions in online quizzes arranged by topic for
customized practice! All questions include answer explanations.
To access these questions, see the card at the front of the book.
What Will You Learn in the Book?
Key review and topics are covered so you can study the essentials needed
to succeed.
Learning objectives are listed at the start of each chapter. This list of key
ideas will help guide your learning and study plan and allow you to easily
return to topics that you want to review again.
Tips are given throughout the book to offer helpful notes, reminders, and
strategies to improve your learning.

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CHAPTER 1
Biochemistry
Learning Objectives
In this chapter, you will learn:
∘ Basic chemistry—atomic structure
∘ Bonding
∘ Hydrophobic and hydrophilic
∘ Characteristics of water
∘ pH
∘ Organic compounds
To understand about living things, you must understand some basic
biochemistry. Biochemistry affects every aspect of our lives every day.
Sweating cools the skin because of strong hydrogen bonding between water
molecules. Your body maintains your blood at one critical pH because of
the bicarbonate buffering system. To prevent heart attacks, you must begin
with an understanding about the structure of fatty acids. Mad cow disease is
caused by a misfolded protein. Here is a review of basic biochemistry.

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