BS161 Biology Final Exam With Answers (272 Solved Questions)

Name: BS161 Biology Final Exam With Answers (272 Solved Questions)
Brand: Chamberlain College of Nursing
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Compare and contrast the strength of each interaction in a solid versus an aqueous solution.
- Solid has higher concentration of bonds than aqueous solution

why water is able to form hydrogen bonds - they have polar covalent bonds and the partially
positive hydrogen bonds to other partially negative oxygens
why polar and charged species dissolve in water - molecules that have partially positive and
partially negative areas are polar and can be dissolved in water
water can attract charged particles because it has partially positive and negative areas and
if the attractions between the ions and water are stronger than attractions between ions it
will dissolve in water
bonds between solute compound are disrupted in order to increase bond length and allow
aqueous solution to flow through
why oil will not dissolve in water - water is polar and oil is nonpolar so their molecules do
not attract each other
List the common functions of proteins in cells - energy storage, structural support,
transport, messengers, enzyme catalyst etc.
Describe four levels of protein structure and identify common representations - Primary-
amino acid chain
Secondary- alpha helix beta pleated sheets
Tertiary- proteins or polypeptides
Quaternary- multiple polypeptides
Define a lipid. - Insoluble in water and soluble in organic substances
Draw the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats - Unsaturated has double
bonds, and saturated has a carbon bonded to at least 2 hydrogens

Explain the difference between solid fats and liquid oils on a molecular level. - Solid fats have
more hydrogens, the more hydrogens there are the more concentrated it is therefore the
more solid it is
Define a biological membrane. - Selectively permeable barrier between living things
Describe the fluid mosaic model of membrane structure. - Different transport proteins that
allow ions to be diffused through a bilayer
Describe difference between peripheral and integral membrane proteins. - Integral proteins
are on the inside and nonpolar regions of membranes of hydrophobic layer and peripheral
proteins are on the surface and it is on mitochondria and chloroplasts
List six major functions of membrane proteins. - Transporters enzymes- carry out chemical
reactions
cell surface receptors- detect chemical messages and anchors to surface
cell surface id receptors
cell to cell adhesion proteins
cytoskeleton proteins
Explain why the lipid bilayer of a biological membrane forms spontaneously. - Doesn't need
outside source of energy to form
Explain the meaning of the statement "Phospholipids and most other membrane constituents
(e.g., proteins) are amphipathic molecules." - Phospholipids are both hydrophobic and
hydrophilic
Explain how membrane fluidity is influenced by temperature. - lower temperature higher
fluidity- unsaturated fats

Explain how cholesterol resists changes in membrane fluidity as temperatures change. - At
moderate temperature, reduces fluidity bc reduces phospholipid movement
At lower temperature, stops solidification
Explain the role of membrane carbohydrates in cell-cell recognition. - Bond to lipids or
proteins, function as markers to distinguish from one another
Explain how the polarity of a molecule affects how it moves across a membrane. - Nonpolar
can move across membrane, polar can't without carrier protein
Describe the difference between channel proteins and carrier proteins. - Both transport
substances across cell membrane but carrier proteins change shape as they transport
Explain how aquaporins facilitate the passage of water through membranes. - Channel
proteins with water, water molecules travel through a pore in a single file
Define diffusion. - Moving protein from higher to lower concentration
Explain why diffusion is a passive and spontaneous process. - Energy doesn't need to be
inputted
Explain why a concentration gradient of a substance across a membrane represents
potential energy. - Drives diffusion
Describe differences between solutions that are hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic to cell
contents. - Hypertonic- shrivels bc concentration on outside is higher
Hypotonic- swells bc concentration on inside is higher
Isotonic- neutral
Define osmosis and predict the direction of water movement based on differences in solute
concentrations. - Water particle diffusion of cell, higher to lower concentration

Describe how living cells with and without cell walls regulate water balance. - Vacuoles
regulate water levels in plant cells
Osmosis for cells without cell walls
Describe differences between osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and active transport. - Osmosis
is diffusion in water
facilitated goes with concentration gradient and doesn't need energy
active transport goes against and needs energy
Explain how transport proteins facilitate diffusion. - Go from higher concentration to lower
concentration
Describe how solutes can move against their concentration gradient. - Go through active
transport
Describe the process of co-transport - Active transport is indirectly driven by ATP powered
pump
Explain how large molecules are transported across a cell membrane. - Exocytosis-
secretes large molecules by the fusion of vesicles
Identify the common structural components of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and
describe their functions and interactions. - Eukaryotic has membrane bound organelles,
mitochondria, nucleus, animal cells
Prokaryotic has nucleoid, and chloroplast, has DNA in cytoplasm, plant cells
Explain why there are both upper and lower limits to cell size. - If structure is not big enough
to produce what it needs it won't effectively survive

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Explain the advantages of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells - Cell is more organized,
each organelle has its own structure to maintain
Describe the structure and function of the nuclear envelope. - Double layer membrane
allows passage of materials into and outside the nucleus
Explain how the nucleus controls protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. - Translates dna into
mrna and mrna leaves nucleus through envelopes and once in the cytoplasm
the mrna binds to the ribosomes and initiates protein synthesis
Explain the role of the nucleolus in protein synthesis. - Breaks nucleotide link between dna
and rna
Describe the differences between free and bound ribosomes in terms of location and
function - Bound ribosomes are attached to the rough er and free ribosomes are in the
cytoplasm and they are used for protein synthesis
Describe the structure and function of each component of the endomembrane system. -
nuclear envelope: a double membrane perforated by pores that regulate the movement of
materials between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
endoplasmic reticulum: continuous with the nuclear envelope and encloses a network of
interconnected tubules or compartments called cisternae
Golgi apparatus: consists of a stack of flattened sacs
Lysosome: membrane-enclosed sacs of hydrolytic enzymes used by animal cells to digest
macromolecules
Vacuoles: formed as a result of phagocytosis
Plasma membrane: surrounding every cell must provide sufficient surface area for
exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and wastes relative to the volume of the cell

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Compare the structure and functions of smooth and rough ER. - The smooth ER serves
diverse functions in different cells: its enzymes are involved in phosopholipids and steroids
(including sex hormone) synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and detoxification of drugs
and poisons. The smooth ER is also in st- The rough ER manufactures membranes from the
cell. Enzymes built into the membrane assemble phospholipids, and membrane proteins
formed by bound ribosomes are inserted into the ER membrane
Explain the significance of the cis and trans sides of the Golgi apparatus. - Cis and trans help
direct the vesicles to the plasma membrane or to other organelles
Explain how a protein travels through the endomembrane system - Protein carriers
Describe three examples of intracellular digestion by lysosomes. - Phagocytosis- engulfing
of debris
Pinocytosis- engulfing of liquid
Macrophages - are also in intracellular digestion by lysosomes that is a type of white blood
cells that is made to destroy ingested bacteria
Explain why pH is important for lysosomal function. - pH has to be acidic for lysosomes to be
able to digest cellular debris
lysosomes are sacs containing digestive enzymes
Describe the structure of a mitochondrion - Two membranes, each a phospholipid bilayer
with unique embedded proteins, encloses the mitochondrion. A narrow intermembrane
space exists between the smooth outer membrane and the convoluted inner membrane,
called cristae, create a large surface area and encloses the mitochondrial matrix. Many
respiratory enzymes, mitochondrial DNA, and ribosomes are housed in this matrix. Other
respiratory enzymes and proteins are built into the inner membrane
Identify the three functional compartments of a chloroplast. - The stroma is in the inner
membrane that is a fluid surrounding a membranous system of flattened sacs called

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thylakoids, inside of which is the thylakoid space. Photosynthetic enzymes are embedded in
the thylakoids, which may be stacked together to form structures called grana
Describe the evidence that mitochondria and chloroplasts are semiautonomous organelles. -
Both have 2 membranes, releases energy
Explain the roles of peroxisomes in eukaryotic cells. - Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles
filled with enzymes that function in a variety of metabolic pathways, such as breaking down
fatty acids for energy or detoxifying alcohol and other poisons
Describe the functions of the cytoskeleton - The cytoskeleton is a network of protein fibers
that give mechanical support, function in cell motility (of both internal structures and the
cell as a whole), and transmit mechanical signals from the cell's surface to its interior. It
also interacts with special proteins called motor proteins to produce cellular movements
Compare the structures and functions of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate
filaments of the cytoskeleton - Microtubules -have hollow rods constructed of columns of
globular proteins called tubulins. Microtubules change length through the addition or
subtraction of tubulin dimers. They also provide the supporting framework of the cell,
microtubules serve as tracks along which organelles move with the aid or motor molecules.
Microfilaments (actin)- solid rods consisting of a twisted double chain of molecules of the
globular protein actin. Actin filaments are microfilaments function in support forming a
network just inside the plasma membrane and the core of small cytoplasmic extensions
called microvilli
Intermediate filaments- Intermediate filaments are intermediate in size between
microtubules and microfilaments are more diverse in their composition. Intermediate fibers
appear to be important in maintaining cell shape. The nucleus is securely help in a web of
intermediate filaments, and the nuclear lamina lining the inside of the nuclear envelope is
composed of intermediate filaments

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Describe the basic structure of a plant cell wall. Distinguish between the primary cell wall,
middle lamella, and secondary cell wall. - Plant cell walls are composed of microfibrils of
cellulose embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides and protein
Describe the structure and roles of the extracellular matrix in animal cells. - Animal cells
lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM). The ECM is made
up of glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin. ECM proteins bind to
receptor proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins
Describe the function of each type of intercellular junction in plants and animals. -
Plasmodesmata: channels in plant cell walls through which the plasma membranes of
bordering cells connect, thus linking most cells of a plant into a living continuum. Three
intercellular junctions between animal cells are:
Tight junction: where proteins hold adjacent cell membranes tightly together, creating an
impermeable seal across a layer of epithelial cells
Desmosomes (anchoring junctions): reinforced by intermediate filaments and rivet cells into
strong sheets
Gap junctions (communicating junctions): are cytoplasmic connections that allow for the
exchange of ions and small molecules between cells through protein-lined pores
Explain how the extracellular matrix integrates changes inside and outside the cell. - The
main ingredients of the ECM are glycoproteins. The most abundant of these glycoproteins is
collagen, which forms strong fibers outside of cells. The collagen fibers are woven in a
network of proteoglycans. Communicating with a cell through integrins, the ECM can
regulate a cell's behavior. The ECM around a cell can also influence the activity of genes in
the nucleus. The extracellular matrix of a particular tissue could help coordinate the
behavior of all the cells within that tissue
Explain how proteins are targeted to various locations inside and outside of the cell. - These
proteins have amino acid tags that ensure they are shipped back to the ER if they "escape"
into the Golgi

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Describe differences between kinetic and potential energy. - Potential energy is what's
available and kinetic energy is whats being used
Explain the first and second laws of thermodynamics in your own word - First- energy cant
be created or destroyed
Second- entropy is always increasing
Describe differences between exergonic and endergonic reactions in terms of free energy
change. - Exergonic is - delta G endergonic is + delta G
Describe the structure of ATP and identify the major class of macromolecules to which ATP
belongs. - Triphosphate, adenine, ribosomes, belongs to monosaccharides
Explain how ATP performs cellular work. - Coupling exergonic reaction of atp hydrolysis with
an endergonic reaction
Describe the function of enzymes in biological systems. - Catalyze a reaction
Explain why an investment of activation energy is necessary to initiate a spontaneous
reaction. - To speed up the rate of an exergonic reaction
Describe the induced-fit model of enzyme function. - Activation site corresponds to an
enzyme shape
Describe some mechanisms by which enzymes lower activation energy. - By speeding up a
reaction, stressing/destabilizing the bonds
Explain how substrate concentration affects the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction and,
based on this, a metabolic advantage of multienzyme complexes - More substrates mean
more reactions can occur
Describe how allosteric regulators may inhibit or stimulate the activity of an enzyme. -
Alters the enzyme shape which alters the function

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University

Chamberlain College of Nursing

Subject

Biology

BS161 Biology Final Exam With Answers (272 Solved Questions)

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