Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer In Depth Workshee
In-depth exploration of the cell cycle and protein regulators via Click & Learn. Covers cell division in unicellular vs. multicellular organisms, adult regeneration, and the role of growth factors.
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Bic I n t e r a c t i v e
Click & Learn
Student Worksheet
Die Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer
In Depth
To use this document. fust read the fnshuctvns and FAQs This document is made available by the Howard Hughes
Medical Institute. Using this document you agree fo trse this document in accordance with the Terns of Use
INTRODUCTION
This handout complements the Click Si Learn T.ne £u.ko r yoiic Ce.'i' Cyo'e o r d Concer and is intended as am
in-depth examination of the cell cycle and the protein players involved. Fora more general overview, please see
the overview version.
PROCEDURE
Follow the instructions as you proceed through the Click S. Learn and answer the questions in the spaces below.
Click on the Background" tab on the right side.
1. Compare and contrast the reasons cell division is important for unicellular |single-celled) and multicellular
organisms.
Far single-celled organisms division is important because it is tti eir only mode of reproduction, thus they need it to
prevent extinction. For Multicellular organisms, cell division is used as a growth mechanism and to replace old and dead
cells, allowing the orga nism to funotion.
2. P rovide an example of why ceII division re ma i ns im portent to an adult orga nism even afte r it is fu Ily
developed.
For an adult organism, cell division remains essential because it can allow for replacement of dead cells and
can help heal wound s and mend broken bones. It is a basi c functio n i n huma ns to h a ve cel I tu mover so t hat
your organs remain efficient and functional
3. Vi' hat is the role of growth factors?
Growth factors give signals to cells in ord er to make them divide. W i t h o u t these factors there would be no cell
division
4. Cells divide, differentiate, or die. What is differentiation?
Differentiation is when a cell stops dividing in order to specialize in a particular function, also changing their
structure as a result.
5. What is apoptosis? Explain its purpose.
Apoptosis is used to eliminate unnecessary, damaged, or unhealthy cells through what is in essence a
programmed death for the cell.
E. Orga nism s rr aintai n the ri ght n um ber of cel Is by regu latlng the celI cy cle. W hat a re "cell cycl e regu lato rs?
Th ey fu nctio n as molecular sig naIs to initiate cel I deat h, pro m pt or cease ceII divisio n, o r di rect cel Is to undergo
differentiation
Cell Cyde
« w w .3i aInte -a c±r.e . cnj
Updsted Fea-LBry 2020
P a s e l nT7
Click & Learn
Student Worksheet
Die Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer
In Depth
To use this document. fust read the fnshuctvns and FAQs This document is made available by the Howard Hughes
Medical Institute. Using this document you agree fo trse this document in accordance with the Terns of Use
INTRODUCTION
This handout complements the Click Si Learn T.ne £u.ko r yoiic Ce.'i' Cyo'e o r d Concer and is intended as am
in-depth examination of the cell cycle and the protein players involved. Fora more general overview, please see
the overview version.
PROCEDURE
Follow the instructions as you proceed through the Click S. Learn and answer the questions in the spaces below.
Click on the Background" tab on the right side.
1. Compare and contrast the reasons cell division is important for unicellular |single-celled) and multicellular
organisms.
Far single-celled organisms division is important because it is tti eir only mode of reproduction, thus they need it to
prevent extinction. For Multicellular organisms, cell division is used as a growth mechanism and to replace old and dead
cells, allowing the orga nism to funotion.
2. P rovide an example of why ceII division re ma i ns im portent to an adult orga nism even afte r it is fu Ily
developed.
For an adult organism, cell division remains essential because it can allow for replacement of dead cells and
can help heal wound s and mend broken bones. It is a basi c functio n i n huma ns to h a ve cel I tu mover so t hat
your organs remain efficient and functional
3. Vi' hat is the role of growth factors?
Growth factors give signals to cells in ord er to make them divide. W i t h o u t these factors there would be no cell
division
4. Cells divide, differentiate, or die. What is differentiation?
Differentiation is when a cell stops dividing in order to specialize in a particular function, also changing their
structure as a result.
5. What is apoptosis? Explain its purpose.
Apoptosis is used to eliminate unnecessary, damaged, or unhealthy cells through what is in essence a
programmed death for the cell.
E. Orga nism s rr aintai n the ri ght n um ber of cel Is by regu latlng the celI cy cle. W hat a re "cell cycl e regu lato rs?
Th ey fu nctio n as molecular sig naIs to initiate cel I deat h, pro m pt or cease ceII divisio n, o r di rect cel Is to undergo
differentiation
Cell Cyde
« w w .3i aInte -a c±r.e . cnj
Updsted Fea-LBry 2020
P a s e l nT7
Ninii BtafrilvfMtlve
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer - In Depth
filch 4 Lvam
ItudHWii WoeItihoi'l
7. Watch the video clip of ceils in the small intestine. Name the g e n e r a l l o c a t i o n along the villus where the
f o l l o w i n g processes o c c u r :
Cell Division: crypt
Cell D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n : Along i t s j o u r n e y from the crypt to the top of the
villus (the lumen J.
Apoptosis: Tip of the villi
8 . N a me on e ha rm le ss res j It of too little cel I d ivis ion.
One h a r m l e s s result is hair loss or b a l d n e s s
9. Name one harmless result of too much cell division.
On e h a rm less res uIt of too much ce 11 d ivision is wa rts
Click on the section of the circle l a b e l e d "Cell Cycle Phases" in the c e n t e r purple circle on the right and use
the " O v e r v i e w " i n f o r m a t i o n in the w i n d o w on the left to a n s w e r the q u e s t i o n s b e l o w .
10. List, in order, the four events we collectively call the cell cycle." Next to each event, tv rite the correlating
cell cycle phase name.
a. G rowth - G1
b. DNA replication - S
c_ p r e p a r a t i o n to divide - G2
d Division - M
11. In g e n e r a l , w h a t is the p u r p o s e of a c h e c k p o i n t in the cell cycle?
A c h e c k p o i n t in the cell cycle acts as a point that regulates p r o g r e s s i o n from one stage of the cycle to the next
w i t h o u t any errors in the cell or in its DNA
12. What is one p o t e n t i a l o u t c o m e when errors occur in this highly r e g u l a t e d call cycle process?
cancer
Click on "Cell Cycle R e g u l a t o r s and Cancer" in the c e n t e r p u r p l e circle on the r i g h t . Use the i n f o r m a t i o n u n d e r
" R e g u l a t o r s O v e r v i e w " in the w i n d o w on the left to a n s w e r the q u e s t i o n s b e l o w .
13. What type of p r o t e i n that regulates the cell cycle is e n c o d e d by proto-oncogenes?
Proto-oncogenes e n c o d e p r o t e i n s t h a t s t i m u l a t e / p r o m o t e the progression of a cell t h r o u g h the cell cycle.
14 . What type of p r o t e i n t hat regulates t he cel I cycle is encoded by t u mo r s u p p resso r ge ne s?
Cell Cyde
www.Binlnb-railr*e.crg
_ xfeted Feaiary 2020
Ftagel nf7
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer - In Depth
filch 4 Lvam
ItudHWii WoeItihoi'l
7. Watch the video clip of ceils in the small intestine. Name the g e n e r a l l o c a t i o n along the villus where the
f o l l o w i n g processes o c c u r :
Cell Division: crypt
Cell D i f f e r e n t i a t i o n : Along i t s j o u r n e y from the crypt to the top of the
villus (the lumen J.
Apoptosis: Tip of the villi
8 . N a me on e ha rm le ss res j It of too little cel I d ivis ion.
One h a r m l e s s result is hair loss or b a l d n e s s
9. Name one harmless result of too much cell division.
On e h a rm less res uIt of too much ce 11 d ivision is wa rts
Click on the section of the circle l a b e l e d "Cell Cycle Phases" in the c e n t e r purple circle on the right and use
the " O v e r v i e w " i n f o r m a t i o n in the w i n d o w on the left to a n s w e r the q u e s t i o n s b e l o w .
10. List, in order, the four events we collectively call the cell cycle." Next to each event, tv rite the correlating
cell cycle phase name.
a. G rowth - G1
b. DNA replication - S
c_ p r e p a r a t i o n to divide - G2
d Division - M
11. In g e n e r a l , w h a t is the p u r p o s e of a c h e c k p o i n t in the cell cycle?
A c h e c k p o i n t in the cell cycle acts as a point that regulates p r o g r e s s i o n from one stage of the cycle to the next
w i t h o u t any errors in the cell or in its DNA
12. What is one p o t e n t i a l o u t c o m e when errors occur in this highly r e g u l a t e d call cycle process?
cancer
Click on "Cell Cycle R e g u l a t o r s and Cancer" in the c e n t e r p u r p l e circle on the r i g h t . Use the i n f o r m a t i o n u n d e r
" R e g u l a t o r s O v e r v i e w " in the w i n d o w on the left to a n s w e r the q u e s t i o n s b e l o w .
13. What type of p r o t e i n that regulates the cell cycle is e n c o d e d by proto-oncogenes?
Proto-oncogenes e n c o d e p r o t e i n s t h a t s t i m u l a t e / p r o m o t e the progression of a cell t h r o u g h the cell cycle.
14 . What type of p r o t e i n t hat regulates t he cel I cycle is encoded by t u mo r s u p p resso r ge ne s?
Cell Cyde
www.Binlnb-railr*e.crg
_ xfeted Feaiary 2020
Ftagel nf7
cell cycle regulators
15. The most important cell cycle regulators are the CDK1s
16. What is a kinase, and what does it do?
enzymes that phosphorylate other proteins to activate or inhibit their function
17. When are CDKs present inside the cell during the cell cycle?
always present in the cell, but only become active when bound to other prateins called cyclins.
IB. When are cyclins present inside the cell during the cell cycle?
ate G1 phase
19. CDKs form molecular complexes with cyclins. What do activated CDK-cyclin complexes do?
They activate CDK- cyclin complexes / stimulating the cell cycle
Using the cell cycle diagram on the right and both links in the center purple circle, complete the table below
for each phase. Use bullet points and focus on major events that occur during each phase, checkpoint, and
regulatory process. Complete the entire row before moving on to the next phase.
PHASE PHASE EVENTS CHECKPOINT EVENTS REGULATORY PROCESSES
G1
0
5
- replicate the DMA - confirm that there are
no errors in the
replicated DNA 1) Growth factors promote
S-phase cyclin expression. 2)
S-phase cyclins accumulate
activating the S-phase
CDK-cyclin complex that
promotes DNA replication
C® If DNA damage is
identified, specific proteins
Ie.g. - tumorsupp ressor ge nes
ataxia telangiectasia mutated
(ATM) and Breast Cancer 1
15. The most important cell cycle regulators are the CDK1s
16. What is a kinase, and what does it do?
enzymes that phosphorylate other proteins to activate or inhibit their function
17. When are CDKs present inside the cell during the cell cycle?
always present in the cell, but only become active when bound to other prateins called cyclins.
IB. When are cyclins present inside the cell during the cell cycle?
ate G1 phase
19. CDKs form molecular complexes with cyclins. What do activated CDK-cyclin complexes do?
They activate CDK- cyclin complexes / stimulating the cell cycle
Using the cell cycle diagram on the right and both links in the center purple circle, complete the table below
for each phase. Use bullet points and focus on major events that occur during each phase, checkpoint, and
regulatory process. Complete the entire row before moving on to the next phase.
PHASE PHASE EVENTS CHECKPOINT EVENTS REGULATORY PROCESSES
G1
0
5
- replicate the DMA - confirm that there are
no errors in the
replicated DNA 1) Growth factors promote
S-phase cyclin expression. 2)
S-phase cyclins accumulate
activating the S-phase
CDK-cyclin complex that
promotes DNA replication
C® If DNA damage is
identified, specific proteins
Ie.g. - tumorsupp ressor ge nes
ataxia telangiectasia mutated
(ATM) and Breast Cancer 1
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