EukaryoticCellCycleCancer
Explore how the eukaryotic cell cycle drives growth, repair, and development in organisms. Learn the role of growth factors, why cell division matters for adults, and its link to cancer. Great for biology students!
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Bifrlrn*ractiv«
Click & Learn
Si udenT Worksheet
The Eukaryotic Coll Cycle and Cancer
In Depth
To use this document first read the Instructions andFAQs This document is made available by the Howard Hughes
Medical Institute. Using this document you agree to use fh*5 document >vr accordance wrfh the Terms of Use.
INTRODUCTION
This handout complements the Click St Learn The Eukaryotic CetJCycle and Cancer and is intended as an
in-depth examination of the cell cycle and the protein players involved. For a more general overview, please see
the overview version.
PROCEDURE
Follow the instructions as you proceed through the Click a Learn and answer the questions in the spaces below.
Click on the "Background" tab on the right side.
1. Compare and contrast the reasons cell division is important for unicellular (single-celled) and multicellular
organisms.
Cell division is the only way single-celled organisms can reproduce whereas for multicellular organisms it is the
only way to grow a nd repa ir da m aged ceIls.
2. Provide an example of why cell division remains important to an adult organism even after it is fully
developed.
After growth, division remains important in normal cell turnover, such as in skin and gul. where cells are
continuously renewed Other cells have to divide to heal wounds like skin cuts or broken bones.
3. What is the role of growth factors?
Growth factors are the ligands reeded to activate a signal transduction pathway to result in cell division as a
cellular response.
4 Cells djyide, differentiate, or die. What is differentiation?
Differentiation is the process when cells become specialized in structure and function. During differentiation
cells develop specific characteristics that allow them to perform a particular role within the body. Some
examples are, cells may differentiate into muscle cells, nerve cells, or skin cells, each with unique structures
and functions.
5. What is apoptosis? Explain its purpose.
Apoptosis is a natural process by tv hi ch cells in a living organism intentionally self-destruct. It is a carefully
regulated process that plays an essential role in development and the maintenance of healthy tissues.
The purpose of apoptosis is to eliminate unnecessary, damaged, or potentially harmful cells, which could
otherwise interfere with the normal functioning of the organism.
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F a r s i of 10
Click & Learn
Si udenT Worksheet
The Eukaryotic Coll Cycle and Cancer
In Depth
To use this document first read the Instructions andFAQs This document is made available by the Howard Hughes
Medical Institute. Using this document you agree to use fh*5 document >vr accordance wrfh the Terms of Use.
INTRODUCTION
This handout complements the Click St Learn The Eukaryotic CetJCycle and Cancer and is intended as an
in-depth examination of the cell cycle and the protein players involved. For a more general overview, please see
the overview version.
PROCEDURE
Follow the instructions as you proceed through the Click a Learn and answer the questions in the spaces below.
Click on the "Background" tab on the right side.
1. Compare and contrast the reasons cell division is important for unicellular (single-celled) and multicellular
organisms.
Cell division is the only way single-celled organisms can reproduce whereas for multicellular organisms it is the
only way to grow a nd repa ir da m aged ceIls.
2. Provide an example of why cell division remains important to an adult organism even after it is fully
developed.
After growth, division remains important in normal cell turnover, such as in skin and gul. where cells are
continuously renewed Other cells have to divide to heal wounds like skin cuts or broken bones.
3. What is the role of growth factors?
Growth factors are the ligands reeded to activate a signal transduction pathway to result in cell division as a
cellular response.
4 Cells djyide, differentiate, or die. What is differentiation?
Differentiation is the process when cells become specialized in structure and function. During differentiation
cells develop specific characteristics that allow them to perform a particular role within the body. Some
examples are, cells may differentiate into muscle cells, nerve cells, or skin cells, each with unique structures
and functions.
5. What is apoptosis? Explain its purpose.
Apoptosis is a natural process by tv hi ch cells in a living organism intentionally self-destruct. It is a carefully
regulated process that plays an essential role in development and the maintenance of healthy tissues.
The purpose of apoptosis is to eliminate unnecessary, damaged, or potentially harmful cells, which could
otherwise interfere with the normal functioning of the organism.
CellCyde
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The Eukaryotic Ceti Cycle and Cancer - In Depth
Click & Learn
Student WtKfcsbwt
6 Organisms maintain the right number of cells by regulating the cell cycle. What are "cel[cycle regulators?"
Cell cycle regulators are molecular signals that may stimulate or halt cell division, instruct cells to differentiate,
or initiate cell death.
7. Watch the video clip of cells in the small intestine. Name the general location along the villus where the
following processes occur:
Cell Division:
crypt
Cell Differentiation:
Lining of the villus nearthe crypt
Apoptosis:
villus
8. Name one harmless result of too little cell division.
Hair Loss
Name one harmless result of too much cell division.
Warts
Click on the section of the circle labeled Cell Cycle Phases" in the center purple circle on the right and use
the "Overview information in the window on the left to answer the questions belov/.
10. List, in order, the four events we collectively call the ' cell cycle." Next to each event, write the correlating
cell cycle phase name.
a. growth-G1 Phase
b. DNA replication phase
c. preparation to divide-G2 Phase
d division -Mitotic phase
11. Ir general, what is the purpose of a checkpoint in the cell cycle?
(checkpoint proteins" regulate the progression from one phase of the cell cycle to the next.
The progression through these checkpoints is a strictly regulated process that usually works
without errors.
12. What is one potential outcome when errors occur in this highly regulated cell cycle process?
C e l l C y d e
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P B g e Z c j f i D
The Eukaryotic Ceti Cycle and Cancer - In Depth
Click & Learn
Student WtKfcsbwt
6 Organisms maintain the right number of cells by regulating the cell cycle. What are "cel[cycle regulators?"
Cell cycle regulators are molecular signals that may stimulate or halt cell division, instruct cells to differentiate,
or initiate cell death.
7. Watch the video clip of cells in the small intestine. Name the general location along the villus where the
following processes occur:
Cell Division:
crypt
Cell Differentiation:
Lining of the villus nearthe crypt
Apoptosis:
villus
8. Name one harmless result of too little cell division.
Hair Loss
Name one harmless result of too much cell division.
Warts
Click on the section of the circle labeled Cell Cycle Phases" in the center purple circle on the right and use
the "Overview information in the window on the left to answer the questions belov/.
10. List, in order, the four events we collectively call the ' cell cycle." Next to each event, write the correlating
cell cycle phase name.
a. growth-G1 Phase
b. DNA replication phase
c. preparation to divide-G2 Phase
d division -Mitotic phase
11. Ir general, what is the purpose of a checkpoint in the cell cycle?
(checkpoint proteins" regulate the progression from one phase of the cell cycle to the next.
The progression through these checkpoints is a strictly regulated process that usually works
without errors.
12. What is one potential outcome when errors occur in this highly regulated cell cycle process?
C e l l C y d e
iw.w.E.c T E i c r . ' t . c r j
Jexisted FeotB-f 2CQC
P B g e Z c j f i D
Mtan BkolnlBractivo Click & Learn
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer - In Depth Student Worksheet
When errors do occur, they can have catastrophic consequences, including the development
of cancer.
Click on "Cell Cycle Regulators and Cancer' in the center purple circle on the right. Use the information under
'Regulators Overview" in the window on the left to answer the questions below.
13. What type of protein that regulates the cell cycle is encoded by proto-on cogenes?
Stimulating proteins (encoded by proto-oncogenes)
14. What type of protein that regulates the cell cycle is encoded by tumor suppressor genes?
Inhibitory proteins (encoded by tumor suppressor genes)
15. The most Important cell cycle regulators are the CDKs .
16. What is = kinase, and what does it do?
Kinases are enzymes that add a phosphate to other proteins to activate or inhibit their
function—a process known as phosphorylation.
17. When are CDKs present inside the cell during the cell cycle?
CDKs are always present in the cell but become active only when they are bound to other
proteins called cyclins,
IS. When are cyclins present inside the cell during the cell cycle?
cyclin concentration inside the cell cycles varies up and down, depending on the phase of
the cycle
19. CDKs form molecular complexes with cyclins. What do activated CDK-cyclin complexes do?
Some proteins activate CDK-cyclin complexes, stimulating the cell cycle. Others inactivate
CDK-cyclins or prevent their activation, which inhibits cell cycle progression.
Using the cell cycle diagram on the right and both links in the center purple circle, complete the table below
for each phase. Use bullet points and focus on major events that occur during each phase, checkpoint, and
regulatory process. Complete the entire row before moving on to the next phase.
PHASE PHASE EVENTS CHECKPOINT EVENTS REGULATORY PROCESSES
CeilCyde
www.BjrtTteractjre.0r5
Jocsted FeCruary 2CCC
Fare 3 of 10
The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Cancer - In Depth Student Worksheet
When errors do occur, they can have catastrophic consequences, including the development
of cancer.
Click on "Cell Cycle Regulators and Cancer' in the center purple circle on the right. Use the information under
'Regulators Overview" in the window on the left to answer the questions below.
13. What type of protein that regulates the cell cycle is encoded by proto-on cogenes?
Stimulating proteins (encoded by proto-oncogenes)
14. What type of protein that regulates the cell cycle is encoded by tumor suppressor genes?
Inhibitory proteins (encoded by tumor suppressor genes)
15. The most Important cell cycle regulators are the CDKs .
16. What is = kinase, and what does it do?
Kinases are enzymes that add a phosphate to other proteins to activate or inhibit their
function—a process known as phosphorylation.
17. When are CDKs present inside the cell during the cell cycle?
CDKs are always present in the cell but become active only when they are bound to other
proteins called cyclins,
IS. When are cyclins present inside the cell during the cell cycle?
cyclin concentration inside the cell cycles varies up and down, depending on the phase of
the cycle
19. CDKs form molecular complexes with cyclins. What do activated CDK-cyclin complexes do?
Some proteins activate CDK-cyclin complexes, stimulating the cell cycle. Others inactivate
CDK-cyclins or prevent their activation, which inhibits cell cycle progression.
Using the cell cycle diagram on the right and both links in the center purple circle, complete the table below
for each phase. Use bullet points and focus on major events that occur during each phase, checkpoint, and
regulatory process. Complete the entire row before moving on to the next phase.
PHASE PHASE EVENTS CHECKPOINT EVENTS REGULATORY PROCESSES
CeilCyde
www.BjrtTteractjre.0r5
Jocsted FeCruary 2CCC
Fare 3 of 10
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