Fundamentals of Cellular Energy and Metabolism: Processes, Pathways, and Principles
This document covers the fundamentals of cellular energy and metabolism, likely discussing biochemical pathways and principles.
Eli Simmons
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Fundamentals of Cellular Energy and Metabolism: Processes, Pathways, and
Principles
biosynthesis
the building up of biomolecules or biological structures within a
living cell; a process that requries energy
energy of concentration
the work of moving molecules or ions against a concentration
gradient, that is, moving them from where they are less
concentrated to where they are already more concentrated
electrical potential
a difference in charge across a membrane based on a difference
in the concentration of positive and/or negative ions across the
membrane
Cathedrals and cells both require
energy for their construction
Energy is the ability to make specific change
occur within a cell
Energy is needed within cells for biosynthesis, movement,
concentration of substances, generation of
electrical potentials, and heat
The generation of cellular energy is
a unified process across the living world
Energy
the ability to make specific changes occur
Energy is freely convertible from one form to another, but
energy can never be created or destroyed in normal process
In all energy conversions in living systems, someo f the energy
given
off fails to be conserved as useful energy. it is lost as heat
Energy flows from the sun into the chemical reaction
pathways of living things and ends up as heat
Principles
biosynthesis
the building up of biomolecules or biological structures within a
living cell; a process that requries energy
energy of concentration
the work of moving molecules or ions against a concentration
gradient, that is, moving them from where they are less
concentrated to where they are already more concentrated
electrical potential
a difference in charge across a membrane based on a difference
in the concentration of positive and/or negative ions across the
membrane
Cathedrals and cells both require
energy for their construction
Energy is the ability to make specific change
occur within a cell
Energy is needed within cells for biosynthesis, movement,
concentration of substances, generation of
electrical potentials, and heat
The generation of cellular energy is
a unified process across the living world
Energy
the ability to make specific changes occur
Energy is freely convertible from one form to another, but
energy can never be created or destroyed in normal process
In all energy conversions in living systems, someo f the energy
given
off fails to be conserved as useful energy. it is lost as heat
Energy flows from the sun into the chemical reaction
pathways of living things and ends up as heat
chemical reaction
a process in which bonds are broken in one kind ofmolecule (the
reactant) and new bonds are formed to produce a product;
energy change accompanies any chemical reaction
reactant
an initial substance that absorbs energy and enters into a
chemical reaction in which it is changed in structure
product
a substance that is formed during a chemical reaction
exergonic
descriptive of a chemical reaction in which free energy is given
off; a spontaneous reaction
endergonic
descriptive of a chemical reaction in which free energy must be
added in order to get the reaction to take place
In chemical reactions, energy changes occur
when covalent bonds in reactant molecules are broken and new
bonds in product molecules are formed
If more energy is required to break old bonds than is given off
when new bonds form, the
reaction is endergonic
If less energy is required to break old bonds than is given off
when new bonds form, the reaction is
exergonic
Chemical reactions are reversible. The direction in which the
reaction runs
depends on the relative concentrations of reactants and products
already in place
A chemical reaction will never begin unless there is enough
energy present to begin
breaking bonds in reactant molecules. This amount of energy is
termed the activation energy
enzyme
a process in which bonds are broken in one kind ofmolecule (the
reactant) and new bonds are formed to produce a product;
energy change accompanies any chemical reaction
reactant
an initial substance that absorbs energy and enters into a
chemical reaction in which it is changed in structure
product
a substance that is formed during a chemical reaction
exergonic
descriptive of a chemical reaction in which free energy is given
off; a spontaneous reaction
endergonic
descriptive of a chemical reaction in which free energy must be
added in order to get the reaction to take place
In chemical reactions, energy changes occur
when covalent bonds in reactant molecules are broken and new
bonds in product molecules are formed
If more energy is required to break old bonds than is given off
when new bonds form, the
reaction is endergonic
If less energy is required to break old bonds than is given off
when new bonds form, the reaction is
exergonic
Chemical reactions are reversible. The direction in which the
reaction runs
depends on the relative concentrations of reactants and products
already in place
A chemical reaction will never begin unless there is enough
energy present to begin
breaking bonds in reactant molecules. This amount of energy is
termed the activation energy
enzyme
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