Lecture Notes For Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 14th Edition

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i
5HsourcH Manual
for the Laboratory Manual
to accompany
Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Fourtheenth Edition
Phillip Snider
Terry R. Martin
Kishwaukee College

ii
CONTENTS
PREFACE ................................................................................................................................................................................................... IV
AN OVERVIEW ........................................................................................................................................................................................... V
INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACHES ............................................................................................................................................................ VI
CORRELATION OF TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS AND LABORATORY EXERCISES ...............................................................................VII
SUGGESTED TIME SCHEDULE .............................................................................................................................................................. IX
Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Laboratory Exercise 1 – Scientific Method and Measurements ................................................................................................................ 1
Laboratory Exercise 2 – Body Organization and Terminology .................................................................................................................. 2
Laboratory Exercise 3 – Chemistry of Life ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Laboratory Exercise 4 – Care and Use of the Microscope ........................................................................................................................ 5
Cells
Laboratory Exercise 5 – Cell Structure and Function ................................................................................................................................ 6
Laboratory Exercise 6 – Movements Through Membranes....................................................................................................................... 7
Laboratory Exercise 7 – Cell Cycle ...................................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.9
Tissues
Laboratory Exercise 8 – Epithelial Tissues .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Laboratory Exercise 9 – Connective Tissues ........................................................................................................................................... 11
Laboratory Exercise 10 – Muscle and Nervous Tissues ......................................................................................................................... 12
Integumentary System
Laboratory Exercise 11 – Integumentary System .................................................................................................................................... 13
Skeletal System
Laboratory Exercise 12 – Bone Structure ................................................................................................................................................ 14
Laboratory Exercise 13 – Organization of the Skeleton .......................................................................................................................... 15
Laboratory Exercise 14 – Skull ................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Laboratory Exercise 15 – Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage ............................................................................................................ 18
Laboratory Exercise 16 – Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb ..................................................................................................................... 20
Laboratory Exercise 17 – Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb ......................................................................................................................... 22
Laboratory Exercise 18 – Joint Structure and Movements ...................................................................................................................... 24
Muscular System
Laboratory Exercise 19 – Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function......................................................................................................... 25
Laboratory Exercise 20 – Muscles of the Head and Neck....................................................................................................................... 26
Laboratory Exercise 21 – Muscles of the Chest, Shoulder, and Upper Limb ......................................................................................... 27
Laboratory Exercise 22 – Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Pelvic Floor ........................................................................................... 28
Laboratory Exercise 23 – Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb .............................................................................................................. 29
Surface Anatomy
Laboratory Exercise 24 – Surface Anatomy ............................................................................................................................................. 30
Nervous System

iii
Laboratory Exercise 25 – Nervous Tissue and Nerves ........................................................................................................................... 32
Laboratory Exercise 26 – Spinal Cord and Meninges ............................................................................................................................. 33
Laboratory Exercise 27 – Reflex Arc and Reflexes ................................................................................................................................. 34
Laboratory Exercise 28 – Brain and Cranial Nerves ................................................................................................................................ 35
Laboratory Exercise 29 – Dissection of the Sheep Brain ........................................................................................................................ 36
Special Senses
Laboratory Exercise 30 – Ear and Hearing .............................................................................................................................................. 37
Laboratory Exercise 31 – Eye Structure................................................................................................................................................... 38
Laboratory Exercise 32 – Visual Tests and Demonstrations ................................................................................................................... 40
Endocrine System
Laboratory Exercise 33 – Endocrine Histology and Diabetic Physiology................................................................................................ 41
Cardiovascular System
Laboratory Exercise 34 – Blood Cells and Blood Typing ........................................................................................................................ 43
Laboratory Exercise 35 – Heart Structure ................................................................................................................................................ 44
Laboratory Exercise 36 – Cardiac Cycle .................................................................................................................................................. 46
Laboratory Exercise 37 – Blood Vessel Structure, Arteries, and Veins .................................................................................................. 47
Laboratory Exercise 38 – Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure ..................................................................................................................... 50
Lymphatic System
Laboratory Exercise 39 – Lymphatic System ........................................................................................................................................... 51
Digestive System
Laboratory Exercise 40 – Digestive Organs ............................................................................................................................................. 52
Laboratory Exercise 41 – Action of a Digestive Enzyme ......................................................................................................................... 54
Respiratory System
Laboratory Exercise 42 – Respiratory Organs ......................................................................................................................................... 55
Laboratory Exercise 43 – Breathing and Respiratory Volumes............................................................................................................... 56
Urinary System
Laboratory Exercise 44 – Urinary Organs ................................................................................................................................................ 57
Laboratory Exercise 45 – Urinalysis ......................................................................................................................................................... 58
Reproductive Systems
Laboratory Exercise 46 – Male Reproductive System ............................................................................................................................. 59
Laboratory Exercise 47 – Female Reproductive System ........................................................................................................................ 60
Laboratory Exercise 48 – Genetics .......................................................................................................................................................... 61
Supplemental Laboratory Exercise
Laboratory Exercise 49 – Blood Testing .................................................................................................................................................. 63
(THIS LAB IS AVAILABLE AT WWW.MCGRAWHILLCONNECT.COM)
Appendix 1: Materials Needed .................................................................................................................................................................. 64
Appendix 2: Laboratory Suppliers ............................................................................................................................................................ 71
Appendix 3: Student Safety Rules Agreement ......................................................................................................................................... 72
Appendix 4: Student Informed Consent Form .......................................................................................................................................... 73

iv
PREFACE
This instructor’s manual is designed to assist those who are using the Laboratory Manual to Accompany Hole’s
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, thirteenth edition by Terry R. Martin. It describes the purpose of the
laboratory manual and its special features, and provides suggestions for presenting the laboratory exercises to students.
The instructor’s manual also parallels the laboratory manual, exercise by exercise, providing labels for unlabeled
diagrams and answers to questions that appear in the laboratory reports. For some exercises, special instructional
suggestions that propose alternative procedures, laboratory equipment, or laboratory techniques are provided.
Most of the illustrations and labels parallel the textbook very closely as requested by many of the users of the
laboratory manual. Many of the leader lines are arranged differently than the textbook, and several illustrations are
different than the textbook. This has been requested also by many of the users of the laboratory manual. I have attempted
to reach a balance that will be beneficial for all students and instructors.

v
AN OVERVIEW
The Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory Manual, fourteenth edition, was written to accompany the
textbook Hole’s Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology,fourteenth edition, by Dr. Charles Welsh. As in the case of the
textbook, the laboratory manual is planned for students pursuing careers in allied health fields who have minimal backgrounds in the
physical and biological sciences.
The manual contains forty-nine laboratory exercises that are closely integrated with the content of the textbook. The
exercises are designed to review and illustrate various anatomical and physiological facts and principles presented in the textbook and
to help students investigate some of these ideas in more detail.
The laboratory exercises include a variety of special features that are designed to stimulate student interest in the subject
matter, to involve students in the learning process, and to guide them through the planned experiences. These features include the
following:
Materials Needed. The laboratory materials listed are those that students require to complete the exercise and to perform the
demonstrations and learning extensions.
Safety. If the laboratory exercise requires special safety guidelines, this section is included. General safety guidelines also appear as
Appendix 1 of the laboratory manual.
.Purpose of the Exercise. The purpose provides a statement concerning the intent of the exercise—that is, what will be accomplished.
Learning Outcomes. The learning outcomes list in general terms what a student should be able to do after completing the exercise.
Introduction. The introduction briefly describes the subject of the exercise or the ideas that will be investigated
Procedure. The procedure provides a set of detailed instructions for accomplishing the planned laboratory activities. Usually these
instructions are presented in outline form so that a student can proceed through the exercise in stepwise fashion. Frequently, the
student is referred to particular sections of a textbook for necessary background information or for review of subject matter presented
in some previous part of the course.
The procedures include a wide variety of laboratory activities and, from time to time, direct the student to complete various
tasks in the laboratory reports.
Demonstrations. Demonstrations appear in separate boxes. They describe specimens, specialized laboratory equipment, or other
materials of interest that the instructor may want to display to enrich the student’s laboratory experience.
Learning Extensions. Learning extensions also appear in separate boxes. They are planned to encourage students to extend their
laboratory experiences. Some of these activities are open-ended in that they suggest how a student can plan an investigation or
experiment and carry it out after receiving approval from the laboratory instructor.
Illustrations. Diagrams from the textbook are often used as aids for reviewing subject matter. New Images from the Practice Atlas and
Anatomy and Physiology are also used to help students learn basic anatomy. Other illustrations provide visual instructions for
performing steps in procedures or are used to identify parts of instruments or specimens. Micrographs often are included to help
students identify microscopic structures or to evaluate student understanding of tissues.
Some figures, such as one involving the skull, are presented so that they are suitable for coloring. You may want to have
your students use colored pencils to highlight various parts of these illustrations. This activity should enhance their ability to observe
the figures more carefully and help them locate and identify important anatomical features.
Laboratory Reports. Immediately following each exercise, there is a laboratory report to be completed by the student. These reports
include various types of review activities, spaces for sketches of microscopic objects, tables for recording observations and
experimental results, and questions dealing with the analysis of such data.
As a result of these laboratory exercises, students should develop a better understanding of the structural and functional
characteristics of their bodies. In addition, their skills in gathering information by observation and experimentation should increase.

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vi
INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACHES
Exercise Selection
Although the laboratory manual contains forty-nine separate exercises, it may not be possible to include all of them in any one
program. However, because many of the exercises are relatively short and because the procedures of others are divided into sections,
an instructor can easily select those exercises or parts of exercises that best meet the needs of a particular class.
These exercises also vary in the quantities of equipment needed to complete them; if necessary, an instructor can make some
selection based upon the amount of laboratory equipment available for use by a class.
Animal Dissection
In the laboratory manual, detailed instructions for dissecting certain organs, such as the sheep brain, sheep heart, mammalian eye, and
pig kidney are also included. If an instructor prefers to have students dissect some animal, appropriate sections of a specialized
dissection manual may be added.
A laboratory option is to obtain a cadaver as a demonstration specimen. If this is not possible, consider a field trip to a
location that has a prosected cadaver. A minimum of two viewings is recommended—one during muscle study and the other near the
end of the course.
The Use of Animals in Biology Education*
The National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT) believes that the study of organisms, including nonhuman animals, is essential
to the understanding of life on Earth. NABT recommends the prudent and responsible use of animals in the life science classroom.
NABT believes that biology teachers should foster a respect for life. Biology teachers also should teach about the interrelationship and
interdependency of all things.
Classroom experiences that involve nonhuman animals range from observation to dissection. NABT supports these
experiences so long as they are conducted within the long-established guidelines of proper care and use of animals, as developed by
the scientific and educational community.
As with any instructional activity, the use of nonhuman animals in the biology classroom must have sound educational
objectives. Any use of animals, whether for observation or dissection, must convey substantive knowledge of biology. NABT believes
that biology teachers are in the best position to make this determination for their students.
NABT acknowledges that no alternative can substitute for the actual experience of dissection or other use of animals and
urges teachers to be aware of the limitations of alternatives. When the teacher determines that the most effective means to meet the
objectives of the class do not require dissection, NABT accepts the use of alternatives to dissection including models and the various
forms of multimedia. The Association encourages teachers to be sensitive to substantive student objections to dissection and to
consider providing appropriate lessons for those students when necessary.
To implement this policy, NABT endorses and adopts the “Principle and Guidelines for the use of Animals in Precollege
Education” of the Institute of Laboratory Animals Resources (National Research Council). Copies of the “Principle and Guidelines”
may be obtained from the ILAR (2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington DC 20418; 202-334-2590).
*Adopted by the Board of Directors in October 1995. This policy supersedes and replaces all previous NABT statements regarding
animals in biology education.
Background Information
The procedures of many exercises begin by suggesting that students review specific sections of the textbook. If the subject matter
involved in a particular exercise has been covered recently in lecture, the students may be able to accomplish such a review rather
quickly. On the other hand, if the material has not been presented previously, this part of a procedure may be used as a means of
introducing information needed to understand the ideas presented in the exercise.
When the procedure is used to introduce new material, an instructor may ask students to complete the first section before
coming to the laboratory. Following this, some portion of the laboratory time may be needed for class discussion of the new material.

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vii
CORRELATION OF TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS AND
LABORATORY EXERCISES
Textbook Chapters Related Laboratory Exercises
Ch. 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Ex. 1 Scientific Method and Measurements
Ex. 2 Body Organization and Terminology
Ch. 2 Chemical Basis of Life Ex. 3 Chemistry of Life
Ch. 3 Cells Ex. 4 Care and Use of the Microscope
Ex. 5 Cell Structure and Function
Ex. 6 Movements Through Membranes
Ex. 7 Cell Cycle
Ch. 4 Cellular Metabolism
Ch. 5 Tissues Ex. 8 Epithelial Tissues
Ex. 9 Connective Tissues
Ex. 10 Muscle and Nervous Tissues
Ch. 6 Integumentary System Ex. 11 Integumentary System
Ch. 7 Skeletal System Ex. 12 Bone Structure
Ex. 13 Organization of the Skeleton
Ex. 14 Skull
Ex. 15 Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage
Ex. 16 Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Ex. 17 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Ex. 18 Joint Structure and Movements
Ch. 8 Muscular System Ex. 19 Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function
Ex. 20 Muscles of the Head and Neck
Ex. 21 Muscles of the Chest, Shoulder, and Upper Limb
Ex. 22 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and
Pelvic Floor
Ex. 23 Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb
Ex. 24 Surface Anatomy
Ch. 9 Nervous System Ex. 25 Nervous Tissue and Nerves
Ex. 26 Spinal Cord and Meninges
Ex. 27 Reflex Arc and Reflexes
Ex. 28 Brain and Cranial Nerves
Ex. 29 Dissection of the Sheep Brain
Ch. 10 The Senses Ex. 30 Ear and Hearing
Ex. 31 Eye Structure
Ex. 32 Visual Tests and Demonstrations
Ch. 11 Endocrine System Ex. 33 Endocrine Histology and Diabetic Physiology
Ch. 12 Blood Ex. 34 Blood Cells and Blood Typing
Ex. 49 Blood Testing (available online)
Ch. 13 Cardiovascular System Ex. 35 Heart Structure
Ex. 36 Cardiac Cycle
Ex. 37 Blood Vessel Structure, Arteries, and Veins
Ex. 38 Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure
Ch. 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity Ex. 39 Lymphatic System
Ch. 15 Digestive System and Nutrition Ex. 40 Digestive Organs
Ex. 41 Action of a Digestive Enzyme

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ix
SUGGESTED TIME SCHEDULE
Different instructional programs provide different lengths of time for laboratory preparations, work activities, and follow-up
discussions. Other factors that influence the time required for each exercise are the availability and variety of laboratory equipment
and materials. Consequently, it is difficult to make precise suggestions for the amounts of time that should be set aside for particular
laboratory exercises.
The suggested time schedule was prepared with these limitations in mind. The hours listed for each exercise indicate the
minimal time that probably will be needed for students who are acquainted with the subject matter of the exercise to complete the
laboratory work. Students who lack background information and who have to read various sections of the textbook before beginning
an exercises probably will require additional time. Similarly, students who are expected to complete the laboratory reports in class
may need more time.
Laboratory Exercise Minimal Time Laboratory Exercise Minimal Time
Ex. 1 Scientific Method and Measurements 2 hr. Ex. 33 Endocrine Histology and Diabetic Physiology 3 hr.
Ex. 2 Body Organization and Terminology 3 hr. Ex. 34 Blood Cells and Blood Typing 3 hr.
Ex. 3 Chemistry of Life 2 hr. Ex. 35 Heart Structure 2 hr.
Ex. 4 Care and Use of the Microscope 2 hr. Ex. 36 Cardiac Cycle 3 hr.
Ex. 5 Cell Structure and Function 2 hr. Ex. 37 Blood Vessel Structure, Arteries, and Veins 3 hr.
Ex. 6 Movements Through Membranes3 hr. Ex. 38 Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure 2 hr.
Ex. 7 Cell Cycle 1 hr. Ex. 39 Lymphatic System 1 hr.
Ex. 8 Epithelial Tissues 2 hr. Ex. 40 Digestive Organs 2 hr.
Ex. 9 Connective Tissues 2 hr. Ex. 41 Action of a Digestive Enzyme 2 hr.
Ex. 10 Muscle and Nervous Tissues 1 hr. Ex. 42 Respiratory Organs 2 hr.
Ex. 11 Integumentary System 2 hr. Ex. 43 Breathing and Respiratory Volumes 1 hr.
Ex. 12 Bone Structure 1 hr. Ex. 44 Kidney Structure 2 hr.
Ex. 13 Organization of the Skeleton 1 hr. Ex. 45 Urinalysis 2 hr.
Ex. 14 Skull 3 hr. Ex. 46 Male Reproductive System 2 hr.
Ex. 15 Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage 2 hr. Ex. 47 Female Reproductive System 2 hr.
Ex. 16 Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb 2 hr. Ex. 48 Genetics 2 hr.
Ex. 17 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb 2 hr. Ex. 49 Blood Testing (available online) 2 hr.
Ex. 18 Joint Structure and Movements 2 hr.
Ex. 19 Skeletal Muscle Structure and Function 1 hr.
Ex. 20 Muscles of the Head and Neck 1 hr.
Ex. 21 Muscles of the Chest, Shoulder, and Upper
Limb 2 hr.
Ex. 22 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Pelvic
Floor 1 hr.
Ex. 23 Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb 2 hr.
Ex. 24 Surface Anatomy 2 hr.
Ex. 25 Nervous Tissue and Nerves 2 hr.
Ex. 26 Spinal Cord and Meninges 1 hr.
Ex. 27 Reflex Arc and Reflexes 1 hr.
Ex. 28 Brain and Cranial Nerves 2 hr.
Ex. 29 Dissection of the Sheep Brain 2 hr.
Ex. 30 Ear and Hearing 2 hr.
Ex. 31 Eye Structure 2 hr.
Ex. 32 Visual Tests and Demonstrations 2 hr.

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2
LABORATORY EXERCISE 2
BODY ORGANIZATION AND TERMINOLOGY
Instructional Suggestion
If a dissectible human torso model is not available, you might want to have students consult the figures in various sections of the
textbook, particularly reference plates following chapter 1, to gain some understanding of the organizational pattern of the human
body.
Figure Labels
FIG. 2.1
1. Thoracic 4. Pelvic
2. Abdominal 5. Cranial
3. Abdominopelvic 6. Vertebral
FIG. 2.2.a
1. Visceral pleura 4. Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
2. Pleural cavity 5. Pericardial cavity
3. Parietal pleura 6. Parietal pericardium
FIG. 2.2b
7. Visceral peritoneum 9. Parietal peritoneum
8. Peritoneal cavity
FIG. 2.5
1. Sagittal (median; midsagittal) plane 3. Transverse (horizontal) plane
2. Frontal (coronal) plane
FIG. 2.6a
1. Epigastric region 6. Left hypochondriac region
2. Right hypochondriac region 7. Left lateral (lumbar) region
3. Right lateral (lumbar) region 8. Left inguinal (iliac) region
4. Umbilical region 9. Pubic (hypogastric) region
5. Right inguinal (iliac) region
FIG. 2.6b
10. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) 12. Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
11. Right lower quadrant (RLQ) 13. Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
FIG. 2.7a
1. Nasal 8. Antecubital 15. Crural 22. Sternal
2. Oral 9. Abdominal 16. Tarsal 23. Pectoral
3. Cervical 10. Antebrachial 17. Cephalic 24. Umbilical
4. Acromial 11. Carpal 18. Frontal 25. Inguinal
5. Axillary 12. Palmar 19. Orbital 26. Coxal
6. Mammary 13. Digital 20. Buccal 27. Patellar
7. Brachial 14. Genital 21. Mental 28. Pedal
FIG. 2.7b
1. Otic 5. Brachial 9. Sacral 13. Popliteal
2. Occipital 6. Dorsal 10. Gluteal 14. Crural (leg) or sural (calf)
3. Acromial 7. Cubital 11. Perineal 15. Plantar
4. Vertebral 8. Lumbar 12. Femoral

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3
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. a 4. a 7. c 10. c
2. d 5. b 8. a 11. d
3. a 6. d 9. e 12. d
PART B
1. c 4. g 7. e 10. b
2. d 5. j 8. f 11. a
3. h 6. i 9. k
PART C
1. Inferior 4. Anterior 7. Distal 10. Posterior
2. (Correct) 5. (Correct) 8. (Correct)
3. (Correct) 6. (Correct) 9. (Correct)
PART D
1. e 4. i 7. g 10. h
2. k 5. l 8. c 11. f
3. b 6. j 9. d 12. a
PART E
1. l 4. i 7. j 10. a
2. c 5. k 8. g 11. b
3. h 6. f 9. d 12. e
Critical Thinking Application Answers
PART F
1. LUQ 4. RUQ
2. RLQ 5. LUQ or LLQ
3. Any or all quadrants 6. LUQ
PART G

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4
LABORATORY EXERCISE 3
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
Instructional Suggestions
1. The 7 assorted common liquids for the pH tests could include among the following: orange juice, lemon juice, milk, bottled
water, baking soda solution, aspirin solution, borax solution, ammonia, vinegar, antacid, liquid soap, cola, and diluted
catsup. Any beverage can be used, and any household product, even solids if they can be dissolved.
2. The unknown compounds could include among the following: diluted milk, diluted corn syrup, chicken or beef broth,
diluted potato soup, diluted pudding, salad dressing, egg substitute, and diluted yogurt. It is very important to use some
numbering code to keep track of which unknown is which. The unknowns often look alike and are easily confused. The
students need to be instructed to take care not to contaminate their unknown. They need to be reminded to perform all tests,
as students often think if they get one positive result they can stop. Be aware that different brands of food products can
contain different ingredients. Inform the students when heating the samples using Benedict’s solution, if there is a protein
present it may denature or become solid, which should not be interpreted as a positive result.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A (matching)
1. b 5. f 9. k
2. e 6. i 10. g
3. h 7. c 11. a
4. j 8. d 12. l
PART A (molecules and bonding)
1. 1; 1 3. (sketches) 5. Ionic
2. 17; 7 4. No; No 6. (sketches)
PART B
1. (experimental results) 4. Various substances 5. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results) dissolved in tap water
3. No will influence the pH.
PART C
1. (experimental results) 3. (experimental results)
2. (experimental results) 4. (experimental results)
Critical Thinking Application Answer
Answers will vary. However, egg albumin has the highest protein value along with the lowest amount of carbohydrates (starch
and sugar.)
PART D
1-4. (experimental results) Answers will vary depending upon the unknown compound selected.

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5
LABORATORY EXERCISE 4
CARE AND USE OF THE MICROSCOPE
Instructional Suggestions
1. To stimulate student interest in use of the microscope, you may want to have students prepare wet mounts of pond water and
observe the various forms of life present. A plankton net is a helpful device to concentrate pond organisms. Students can be
encouraged to bring samples of pond water to class in preparation for this experiment.
2. You may want to provide students with prepared slides of major human organs to examine as a way of increasing their
experience with using the microscope.
3. If oil-immersion objectives are available, you may want to provide students with prepared slides of various forms of bacteria
to observe using these objectives.
Critical Thinking Application Answer
Answers will vary depending upon the order of the three colored threads. However, the colored thread on the top will be in focus
first, the middle one second, and the bottom one last as the student continues to turn the fine adjustment the same direction.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. 100 × 2. 1,000 ×
PART B
1. (sketch) 4. About 2.2 mm
2. About 4.5 mm for scanning power (using 5. About 2,200 micrometers
4× objective)
3. About 4,500 micrometers
PART C
1. (sketch) 5. Light intensity is decreased when high-power objective is used.
2. About 1.7 mm (using a 10× objective) 6. (sketch)
3. The diameter of the scanning-power field of view is 7. Upside down and reversed from right to left
about 2.6 times greater than that of the low-power 8. Left
field of view. 9. Toward the observer
4. Student is unable to see two adjacent mm lines on the
scale in a high-power field of view.
PART D
1. f 6. j
2. i 7. d
3. c 8. b
4. a 9. g
5. h 10. e
PART E
(sketches)

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6
LABORATORY EXERCISE 5
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Instructional Suggestions
1. Instead of preparing cheek cell slides, you may want to have students prepare slides of plant cells using Elodea leaves or
onion skin.
2. If live frogs are available, you may want to pith the frogs and have students prepare wet mounts using small samples of the
ciliated epithelium that lines the oral cavity. They also can prepare smears of frog blood and stain the cells with methylene
blue, and prepare wet mounts of sperm cells from the testes of the male frogs. You then might provide students with
prepared slides of human ciliated epithelium, blood, and sperm cells and have the students compare the frog cells with the
human cells.
Figure Labels
FIG. 5.1
1. Flagellum 6. Nuclear envelope
2. Centrioles 7. Mitochondrion
3. Golgi apparatus 8. Ribosomes
4. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum 9. Cell membrane
5. Nucleus 10. Cilia
Critical Thinking Application Answer
The outer body surface is the same tissue as inside the cheek, however, outer surface cells are dead from drying out.
Laboratory Report Answers
PART A
1. a 5. i 9. d
2. g 6. f 10. e
3. k 7. c 11. h
4. l 8. b 12. j
PART B
1. Lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates 3. Water soluble
2. A double layer of phospholipids 4. Protein
PART C
1. (sketches) 3. Yes. Cells with similar structure would have a similar function.
2. The stained cells made the nucleus more clearly visible.
PART D
1. (sketches)
2. They should always notice cytoplasm, nucleus, nuclear envelope, and cell membrane.
3. Answers will vary.

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