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CDNAAPO1 - Apply principles of anatomy and physiology to dermal therapiesAssessment 1 -Item 1 of 54Define AnatomyAnatomy explores the body's physical structuresand how they connect and interact. It involves studying bothlarge, easily seen parts (gross anatomy ) and tiny details like cells and tissues (microscopic anatomy ). Additionally,anatomy includes understanding how the body's form changes over a lifetime (developmental anatomy).Item 2 of 54Define PhysiologyPhysiology is the scientific study of how the body's structures workand carry out their life-sustaining functions. Itfocuses on the normal processes and activities of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.Item 3 of 54What does structure determine?Structure fundamentally determines function. The way body parts are shaped and organized at all levels, from themicroscopic arrangement of cells and tissues to the macroscopic organization of organs and organ systems, dictateswhat they can do.Item 4 of 54Name the 5 of the 11 organ systems of the body and briefly state the major functions of each systemOrgan SystemMajor Function1.Skeletal Systemprotects and supports body organs; provides aframework the muscles use to cause movement;blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals.2.Nervous systemFast acting control system of the body; responds tointernal and external changes by activatingappropriate muscles & glands.3.Endocrine systemGlands secrete hormones that regulate processessuch as growth, reproduction and nutrient use(metabolism) by body cells.4.Cardiovascular systemBlood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen,carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes etc. the heartpumps blood.5.Digestive systemBreaks down food into absorbable units that enter theblood for distribution to body cells; indigestablefoodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

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Item 5 of 54The body has 6 levels of structural organisation. Name them and explain how they relate to each otherLevels:1.Chemical: Atoms combine to form molecules, ie water & proteins.2.Cellular: Molecules combine to form cells ie; keratinocytes.3.Tissue: Similar cell types that have a common function ie. epidermis.4.Organ: Consists of 2 > different types of tissues (generally 4 types) ie: integument5.Organ system: Consist of different organs that collectively operate to perform a common function ie:integumentary system6.Organismal: Highest level of organisation. Aggregate of all structural levels that work together to sustain lifeie. the human organismItem 6 of 54There are 8 functions that all humans must perform to maintain life. List all 8 and describe them in one sentence.FunctionsDescriptions1Maintaining boundariesThis involves separating the internal environmentfrom the external environment, allowing for theregulation of what enters and exits the body.2.MovementThis includes all activities promoted by the muscularsystem, such as walking, running, and manipulatingobjects, as well as the movement of substanceswithin the body.3.ResponsivenessThis is the ability to sense changes in theenvironment and react to them, allowing the body toadapt and survive.4.DigestionThis is the process of breaking down ingested foodinto simpler molecules that can be absorbed into theblood.5.

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MetabolismThis encompasses all the chemical reactions thatoccur within body cells, including breaking downsubstances and building new ones to produce energyand facilitate growth.6.ExcretionThis is the process of removing wastes from thebody, such as metabolic wastes, indigestible foodresidues, and excess substances.7.ReproductionThis involves the production of offspring at thecellular (cell division for growth and repair) andorganismal (producing new individuals) levels.8.GrowthThis is an increase in the size of a body part or theorganism as a whole, usually accomplished by anincrease in the number of cells or their size.Item 7 of 54Identify factors that are essential to the survival/ health functioning of the human body?Nutrients - chemical substances used for energy and cell building.Oxygen - needed for metabolic reactions.Water - Provides necessary environment for chemical reactions.Maintaining normal body temperature - necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life sustaining rates.Atmospheric pressure - required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs.Item 8 of 54Why is oxygen essential to our survival?Oxygen is essential for our survival because it is the crucial final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain,the primary process by which our cells extract energy from food molecules through oxidative reactions. Even withabundant nutrients, without oxygen, these energy-releasing chemical reactions cannot occur. Consequently, ATPproduction drastically falls, and human cells, highly dependent on aerobic respiration, can only survive for a fewminutes without a continuous supply of oxygen, which is made available to our blood and body cells through thecoordinated efforts of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The roughly 20% oxygen content in the air wcbreathe underscores its constant necessity for sustaining life.Item 9 of 54There are several reasons why people die. One concern is there is a failure with the organs of the body and theessential factors for life. Please read the handout clicking on the link below.The Top 10 Causes of DeathWhy might the causes of death differ depending on where you live in the world?HSocioeconomic Factors:Lower-income countries often experience higher rates of death from infectiousdiseases, maternal and neonatal conditions, and nutritional deficiencies due to lack of access to clean water,sanitation, healthcare, and adequate nutrition.

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nHealthcare Access and Quality:Access to quality medical care, including preventative measures,vaccinations, and treatments for chronic diseases, significantly impacts mortality rates. Wealthier countriesgenerally have better healthcare infrastructure, leading to lower death rates from preventable causes.nLifestyle and Behavioral Factors:Behaviors like smoking, diet, and exercise levels contribute to differentcauses of death. For example, higher rates of smoking in some regions may lead to increased deaths fromrespiratory diseases and cancers.□Environmental Factors:Exposure to environmental risks such as air pollution, unsafe water, andpathogens can vary greatly and influence mortality.UAge Structure:In countries with aging populations, non-communicable diseases like heart disease, stroke,and Alzheimer's become more prominent causes of death.□Data Collection and Coding Practices:Variations in how causes of death are recorded and classified canmake comparisons between countries challenging.To summarise, the causes of death reflect a combination of health, wealth, lifestyle, and environmental factors.Item 10 of 54Define homeostasisHomeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable and relatively constant internal environment despitecontinuous changes in the external world. It's a dynamic state of equilibrium where various chemical, thermal, andneural factors interact to keep internal conditions within narrow limits necessary for survival.Item 11 of 54Define the term 'health'.Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease orinfirmity.Item 12 of 54What is meant by the term 'pathology'?Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of disease. It involves examining tissues, organs, bodily fluids, andeven the whole body to understand the structural and functional changes that lead to disease. Essentially,pathologists investigate the how and why of illnesses.Item 13 of 54What does anatomical positioning refer to?Anatomical positioningis a standard reference posture used in anatomy to describe the body.In this position, the body stands erect with the head and eyes facing forward. The feet are parallel , and the armshang at the sides with palms facing forward .This standard posture ensures everyone uses the same frame of reference when describing the location andorientation of body parts, preventing confusion.Item 14 of 54The most important positions in dermal therapies are the structures or areas of the face.Where are the following?

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a) Pre-auricular areaIn front of the earsb) GlabellarBetween the eyebrowsc) Peri oral regionArea surrounding the mouth - above and below lipsd) Name the soft cheek area covering theteethBuccalItem 15 of 54If you examine some of the 200 different cell types in the body, you will notice that they all contain similarstructures. Textbooks depict a "generalised" cell that is not an exact replicate of any particular cell, rather it is asummary of the structure of all cells.The "generalised" cell provides an excellent foundation for understanding:nSpecialised cells.□Relationship of cell structure to cell function□How cell function impacts on the appearance of the dermis.Cells can be divided into three main areas:1.Plasma membrane (also referred to as the cell membrane)2.Cytoplasm3.Nucleusa) With these characteristics, is this a red blood cell? Why?No, this is not a red blood cell. The diagram includes a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Mature red bloodcells do not have a nucleus and lack many of the typical organelles found in most other cells. RBCs are highlyspecialised for oxygen transport and have a distinctive biconcave shape that increases their surface area for gasexchange. Therefore, the structure of a generalised cell does not match that of a red blood cell.

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b) Explain the structure and function of the cell membraneThe cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer withembedded proteins. The bilayer features hydrophilic (water-attracting) heads facing outward and hydrophobic(water-repelling) tails facing inward, creating a semi-permeable barrier. In addition to phospholipids, the membranecontains cholesterol, which adds flexibility and stability, as well as proteins that assist with transport, signaling, andstructural support. Carbohydrates are also present and play a key role in cell recognition and communication.Functionally, the cell membrane protects the cell by forming a boundary between the internal and externalenvironments. It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell through selective permeability, helpsmaintain homeostasis, and enables communication with other cells via receptor proteins. Additionally, it supportsprocesses such as cell signaling, adhesion, and interaction with the extracellular environment.Item 16 of 54There are 17 structures identifiable in a cell. Some are listed in the table below. Please list the functions ofcomponentslinden*ql I MC<U1.CentrioleOrganize the mitotic spindleduring mitosis, helping to guide the separation ofchromosomesAssist in chromosome movementduring cell divisionForm the structural foundationofcilia and flagella, aiding in cell movementand fluid propulsion

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2.CiliaMove substances across the cell surface- Cilia beat in a coordinated, wave-like motion to transport materials along thesurface of cells.Propel mucus and trapped particles- In the respiratory tract, cilia move mucus loaded with dust, pathogens, andother debris upward and out of the airways.Facilitate directional flow- Their motion ensures substances arc moved in one consistent direction ,enhancing efficiency.Alternate between power and recovery strokes- The power strokepushes material effectively with a stiff motion.- The recovery strokeis flexible, minimizing resistance as the cilium returns to itsstarting position.3.GolgiapparatusModifies proteins and lipids from the ER.Packages molecules into vesicles.Forms secretory vesicles for exocytosis.Produces lysosomes with digestive enzymes.Directs transport within the cell.Stores and sorts cellular products.Supports membrane repair and growth.4.MicrotubulesMaintaining cell shape, strength, and rigidityDetermining the overall structure of the cellDistributing and positioning organelleswithin the cytoplasmServing as tracksfor the movement of organelles and vesiclesActing as attachment sitesfor enzymes involved in protein synthesisForming structural componentsofcilia, flagella, and the mitotic spindleExtending outwardfrom the centrosome near the nucleus to the cellmembraneAssisting in chromosome separationduring cell division (mitosis andmeiosis)5.MitochondriaATP Production□Main site of aerobic cellular respiration, producing the majority of thecell's ATP (adenosine triphosphate)—the primary energy currency ofthe cell.Energy Regulation□Adjusts energy output based on the cell's energy demands. Cells withhigher activity (e.g., muscle cells) contain more mitochondria.Double Membrane Structure□The inner membraneis folded into cristae , increasing surface area forATP production and housing key enzymes.Independent Reproduction□Mitochondria contain their own DNA and RNA , allowing them to

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replicate independentlyfrom the rest of the cell.Calcium Storage□Helps store and regulate calcium ions (Ca2+), which are vital forvarious cellular processes.Heat Production□In some specialized cells (e.g., brown fat), mitochondria can generateheat through a process called non-shivering thermogenesis.Cell Signaling & Apoptosis□Plays a role in cell signaling , and in initiating apoptosis (programmedcell death), which is crucial for development and disease prevention.6.NucleolusProduction of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)□The nucleolus is the primary site where rRNA is synthesized, a keycomponent of ribosomes.Assembly of Ribosomal Subunits□It combines rRNA with proteins to form the subunits of ribosomes (largeand small), which are then transported out to the cytoplasm.Regulation of Cell Cycle and Stress Response□The nucleolus plays a role in monitoring cellular stress and can influencethe cell cycle, especially in response to DNA damage.Role in Gene Expression□By producing and processing rRNA, the nucleolus indirectly supportsgene expression by enabling efficient protein synthesis.Storage of RNA and RNA-Related Molecules□It serves as a reservoir for RNA molecules and components involved inribosome production.7.NucleusActs as the Control Center of the Cell□Directs all cellular activities by regulating gene expression.Houses Genetic Material (DNA)□Contains the genetic blueprint(DNA) for nearly all cellular proteins.Controls Protein Synthesis□Dictates which proteins are to be made and in what quantities , guidingcell structure and function.Contains the Nucleoli□Sites where ribosomal RNA (rRNA)is synthesized and ribosomesubunits are assembled.Organizes Chromatin□Stores and organizes DNA in the form of chromatin , which condensesinto chromosomes during cell division.Facilitates Communication with the Cytoplasm□The nuclear envelope , with its nuclear pores , allows selective exchangeof materials (e.g., RNA, proteins) between the nucleus and cytoplasm.Maintains Nuclear Environment□Contains distinct compartments rich in specific protein setsto supportvarious nuclear functions such as transcription, replication, and RNAprocessing.

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