CDNAAPO1 - Apply principles of anatomy and physiology to dermal therapies
Assessment 1 -
Item 1 of 54
Define Anatomy
Anatomy explores the body's physical structures and how they connect and interact . It involves studying both
large, easily seen parts (gross anatomy ) and tiny details like cells and tissues (microscopic anatomy ). Additionally,
anatomy includes understanding how the body's form changes over a lifetime (developmental anatomy ).
Item 2 of 54
Define Physiology
Physiology is the scientific study of how the body's structures work and carry out their life-sustaining functions. It
focuses on the normal processes and activities of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.
Item 3 of 54
What does structure determine?
Structure fundamentally determines function. The way body parts are shaped and organized at all levels, from the
microscopic arrangement of cells and tissues to the macroscopic organization of organs and organ systems, dictates
what they can do.
Item 4 of 54
Name the 5 of the 11 organ systems of the body and briefly state the major functions of each system
Organ System Major Function
1.
Skeletal System
protects and supports body organs; provides a
framework the muscles use to cause movement;
blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals.
2.
Nervous system
Fast acting control system of the body; responds to
internal and external changes by activating
appropriate muscles & glands.
3.
Endocrine system
Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes
such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use
(metabolism) by body cells.
4.
Cardiovascular system
Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen,
carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes etc. the heart
pumps blood.
5.
Digestive system
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the
blood for distribution to body cells; indigestable
foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.

Item 5 of 54
The body has 6 levels of structural organisation. Name them and explain how they relate to each other
Levels:
1.
Chemical: Atoms combine to form molecules, ie water & proteins.
2.
Cellular: Molecules combine to form cells ie; keratinocytes.
3.
Tissue: Similar cell types that have a common function ie. epidermis.
4.
Organ: Consists of 2 > different types of tissues (generally 4 types) ie: integument
5.
Organ system: Consist of different organs that collectively operate to perform a common function ie:
integumentary system
6.
Organismal: Highest level of organisation. Aggregate of all structural levels that work together to sustain life
ie. the human organism
Item 6 of 54
There are 8 functions that all humans must perform to maintain life. List all 8 and describe them in one sentence.
Functions Descriptions
1
Maintaining boundaries
This involves separating the internal environment
from the external environment, allowing for the
regulation of what enters and exits the body.
2.
Movement
This includes all activities promoted by the muscular
system, such as walking, running, and manipulating
objects, as well as the movement of substances
within the body.
3.
Responsiveness
This is the ability to sense changes in the
environment and react to them, allowing the body to
adapt and survive.
4.
Digestion
This is the process of breaking down ingested food
into simpler molecules that can be absorbed into the
blood.
5.

Metabolism
This encompasses all the chemical reactions that
occur within body cells, including breaking down
substances and building new ones to produce energy
and facilitate growth.
6.
Excretion
This is the process of removing wastes from the
body, such as metabolic wastes, indigestible food
residues, and excess substances.
7.
Reproduction
This involves the production of offspring at the
cellular (cell division for growth and repair) and
organismal (producing new individuals) levels.
8.
Growth
This is an increase in the size of a body part or the
organism as a whole, usually accomplished by an
increase in the number of cells or their size.
Item 7 of 54
Identify factors that are essential to the survival/ health functioning of the human body?
Nutrients - chemical substances used for energy and cell building.
Oxygen - needed for metabolic reactions.
Water - Provides necessary environment for chemical reactions.
Maintaining normal body temperature - necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life sustaining rates.
Atmospheric pressure - required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs.
Item 8 of 54
Why is oxygen essential to our survival?
Oxygen is essential for our survival because it is the crucial final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain,
the primary process by which our cells extract energy from food molecules through oxidative reactions. Even with
abundant nutrients, without oxygen, these energy-releasing chemical reactions cannot occur. Consequently, ATP
production drastically falls, and human cells, highly dependent on aerobic respiration, can only survive for a few
minutes without a continuous supply of oxygen, which is made available to our blood and body cells through the
coordinated efforts of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. The roughly 20% oxygen content in the air wc
breathe underscores its constant necessity for sustaining life.
Item 9 of 54
There are several reasons why people die. One concern is there is a failure with the organs of the body and the
essential factors for life. Please read the handout clicking on the link below.
The Top 10 Causes of Death
Why might the causes of death differ depending on where you live in the world?
H Socioeconomic Factors: Lower-income countries often experience higher rates of death from infectious
diseases, maternal and neonatal conditions, and nutritional deficiencies due to lack of access to clean water,
sanitation, healthcare, and adequate nutrition.

n Healthcare Access and Quality: Access to quality medical care, including preventative measures,
vaccinations, and treatments for chronic diseases, significantly impacts mortality rates. Wealthier countries
generally have better healthcare infrastructure, leading to lower death rates from preventable causes.
n Lifestyle and Behavioral Factors: Behaviors like smoking, diet, and exercise levels contribute to different
causes of death. For example, higher rates of smoking in some regions may lead to increased deaths from
respiratory diseases and cancers.
□ Environmental Factors: Exposure to environmental risks such as air pollution, unsafe water, and
pathogens can vary greatly and influence mortality.
U Age Structure: In countries with aging populations, non-communicable diseases like heart disease, stroke,
and Alzheimer's become more prominent causes of death.
□ Data Collection and Coding Practices: Variations in how causes of death are recorded and classified can
make comparisons between countries challenging.
To summarise, the causes of death reflect a combination of health, wealth, lifestyle, and environmental factors.
Item 10 of 54
Define homeostasis
Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a stable and relatively constant internal environment despite
continuous changes in the external world. It's a dynamic state of equilibrium where various chemical, thermal, and
neural factors interact to keep internal conditions within narrow limits necessary for survival.
Item 11 of 54
Define the term 'health'.
Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or
infirmity.
Item 12 of 54
What is meant by the term 'pathology'?
Pathology is the study of the causes and effects of disease. It involves examining tissues, organs, bodily fluids, and
even the whole body to understand the structural and functional changes that lead to disease. Essentially,
pathologists investigate the how and why of illnesses.
Item 13 of 54
What does anatomical positioning refer to?
Anatomical positioning is a standard reference posture used in anatomy to describe the body.
In this position, the body stands erect with the head and eyes facing forward. The feet are parallel , and the arms
hang at the sides with palms facing forward .
This standard posture ensures everyone uses the same frame of reference when describing the location and
orientation of body parts, preventing confusion.
Item 14 of 54
The most important positions in dermal therapies are the structures or areas of the face.
Where are the following?

a) Pre-auricular area In front of the ears
b) Glabellar Between the eyebrows
c) Peri oral region Area surrounding the mouth - above and below lips
d) Name the soft cheek area covering the
teeth Buccal
Item 15 of 54
If you examine some of the 200 different cell types in the body, you will notice that they all contain similar
structures. Textbooks depict a "generalised" cell that is not an exact replicate of any particular cell, rather it is a
summary of the structure of all cells.
The "generalised" cell provides an excellent foundation for understanding:
n Specialised cells.
□ Relationship of cell structure to cell function
□ How cell function impacts on the appearance of the dermis.
Cells can be divided into three main areas:
1. Plasma membrane (also referred to as the cell membrane)
2. Cytoplasm
3. Nucleus
a) With these characteristics, is this a red blood cell? Why?
No, this is not a red blood cell. The diagram includes a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. Mature red blood
cells do not have a nucleus and lack many of the typical organelles found in most other cells. RBCs are highly
specialised for oxygen transport and have a distinctive biconcave shape that increases their surface area for gas
exchange. Therefore, the structure of a generalised cell does not match that of a red blood cell.

b) Explain the structure and function of the cell membrane
The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, is primarily composed of a phospholipid bilayer with
embedded proteins. The bilayer features hydrophilic (water-attracting) heads facing outward and hydrophobic
(water-repelling) tails facing inward, creating a semi-permeable barrier. In addition to phospholipids, the membrane
contains cholesterol, which adds flexibility and stability, as well as proteins that assist with transport, signaling, and
structural support. Carbohydrates are also present and play a key role in cell recognition and communication.
Functionally, the cell membrane protects the cell by forming a boundary between the internal and external
environments. It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell through selective permeability, helps
maintain homeostasis, and enables communication with other cells via receptor proteins. Additionally, it supports
processes such as cell signaling, adhesion, and interaction with the extracellular environment.
Item 16 of 54
There are 1 7 structures identifiable in a cell. Some are listed in the table below. Please list the functions of
components
linden* ql I M C<U
1. Centriole
Organize the mitotic spindle during mitosis, helping to guide the separation of
chromosomes
Assist in chromosome movement during cell division
Form the structural foundation ofcilia and flagella, aiding in cell movement
and fluid propulsion

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2. Cilia
Move substances across the cell surface
- Cilia beat in a coordinated, wave-like motion to transport materials along the
surface of cells.
Propel mucus and trapped particles
- In the respiratory tract , cilia move mucus loaded with dust, pathogens, and
other debris upward and out of the airways.
Facilitate directional flow
- Their motion ensures substances arc moved in one consistent direction ,
enhancing efficiency.
Alternate between power and recovery strokes
- The power stroke pushes material effectively with a stiff motion.
- The recovery stroke is flexible, minimizing resistance as the cilium returns to its
starting position.
3. Golgi
apparatus
Modifies proteins and lipids from the ER.
Packages molecules into vesicles.
Forms secretory vesicles for exocytosis.
Produces lysosomes with digestive enzymes.
Directs transport within the cell.
Stores and sorts cellular products.
Supports membrane repair and growth.
4. Microtubules
Maintaining cell shape, strength, and rigidity
Determining the overall structure of the cell
Distributing and positioning organelles within the cytoplasm
Serving as tracks for the movement of organelles and vesicles
Acting as attachment sites for enzymes involved in protein synthesis
Forming structural components ofcilia, flagella, and the mitotic spindle
Extending outward from the centrosome near the nucleus to the cell
membrane
Assisting in chromosome separation during cell division (mitosis and
meiosis)
5. Mitochondria ATP Production
□ Main site of aerobic cellular respiration , producing the majority of the
cell's ATP (adenosine triphosphate) —the primary energy currency of
the cell.
Energy Regulation
□ Adjusts energy output based on the cell's energy demands . Cells with
higher activity (e.g., muscle cells) contain more mitochondria.
Double Membrane Structure
□ The inner membrane is folded into cristae , increasing surface area for
ATP production and housing key enzymes.
Independent Reproduction
□ Mitochondria contain their own DNA and RNA , allowing them to

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replicate independently from the rest of the cell.
Calcium Storage
□ Helps store and regulate calcium ions (Ca2 + ), which are vital for
various cellular processes.
Heat Production
□ In some specialized cells (e.g., brown fat), mitochondria can generate
heat through a process called non-shivering thermogenesis .
Cell Signaling & Apoptosis
□ Plays a role in cell signaling , and in initiating apoptosis (programmed
cell death), which is crucial for development and disease prevention.
6. Nucleolus
Production of Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
□ The nucleolus is the primary site where rRNA is synthesized, a key
component of ribosomes.
Assembly of Ribosomal Subunits
□ It combines rRNA with proteins to form the subunits of ribosomes (large
and small), which are then transported out to the cytoplasm.
Regulation of Cell Cycle and Stress Response
□ The nucleolus plays a role in monitoring cellular stress and can influence
the cell cycle, especially in response to DNA damage.
Role in Gene Expression
□ By producing and processing rRNA, the nucleolus indirectly supports
gene expression by enabling efficient protein synthesis.
Storage of RNA and RNA-Related Molecules
□ It serves as a reservoir for RNA molecules and components involved in
ribosome production.
7. Nucleus
Acts as the Control Center of the Cell
□ Directs all cellular activities by regulating gene expression.
Houses Genetic Material (DNA)
□ Contains the genetic blueprint (DNA) for nearly all cellular proteins.
Controls Protein Synthesis
□ Dictates which proteins are to be made and in what quantities , guiding
cell structure and function.
Contains the Nucleoli
□ Sites where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and ribosome
subunits are assembled.
Organizes Chromatin
□ Stores and organizes DNA in the form of chromatin , which condenses
into chromosomes during cell division.
Facilitates Communication with the Cytoplasm
□ The nuclear envelope , with its nuclear pores , allows selective exchange
of materials (e.g., RNA, proteins) between the nucleus and cytoplasm.
Maintains Nuclear Environment
□ Contains distinct compartments rich in specific protein sets to support
various nuclear functions such as transcription, replication, and RNA
processing.

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