A and P 1 Lab Bone Module 1
Comprehensive lab guide for Anatomy & Physiology 1 covering skeletal system structure, bone classification, skull and vertebrae anatomy, and joint types. Essential for students studying human skeletal anatomy.
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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY - 1,LAB
Exercises - Those pertaining to the skeleton, Axial & Appendicular
The skeleton - is composed of 206 bones and represents the body's framework, it is
composed of cartilage and bone which we previously studied in the histology exercises
on connective tissues that were specialized for support.
Functions: (it must provide support and protection while allowing for movement)
support
protection
levers for locomotion
lipid and mineral storage
hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
To accomplish the first three the skeleton is composed of individual bones linked
together at joints (articulations). The anatomical structure of the bone itself accomplishes
the remaining two.
The skeleton is divided into two basic divisions:
1) the axial skeleton - which lies around the center of gravity
2) the appendicular skeleton - the limbs/appendages
See Fig. in Lab manual
Bone Markings:
The various bumps, holes, and ridges seen on bones, that serve for joint formations,
muscle and ligament attachments, and where blood vessels & nerves pass.
See table in lab manual (you should learn to recognize the markings described here)
Classification of bones:
1 - Long (with medullary cavities) - arm, leg, metacarples (hand), metatarsals (foot),
phalanges (fingers/toes)
2 - Short (with cancellous bone) - ankle, wrist
3 - Flat - skull
4 - Irregular - vertebrae, internal ear bones
5 - Sesamoid - round bones embedded in tendons (patella/knee cap)
6 - Wormian - sutural bone
Exercises - Those pertaining to the skeleton, Axial & Appendicular
The skeleton - is composed of 206 bones and represents the body's framework, it is
composed of cartilage and bone which we previously studied in the histology exercises
on connective tissues that were specialized for support.
Functions: (it must provide support and protection while allowing for movement)
support
protection
levers for locomotion
lipid and mineral storage
hematopoiesis (blood cell formation)
To accomplish the first three the skeleton is composed of individual bones linked
together at joints (articulations). The anatomical structure of the bone itself accomplishes
the remaining two.
The skeleton is divided into two basic divisions:
1) the axial skeleton - which lies around the center of gravity
2) the appendicular skeleton - the limbs/appendages
See Fig. in Lab manual
Bone Markings:
The various bumps, holes, and ridges seen on bones, that serve for joint formations,
muscle and ligament attachments, and where blood vessels & nerves pass.
See table in lab manual (you should learn to recognize the markings described here)
Classification of bones:
1 - Long (with medullary cavities) - arm, leg, metacarples (hand), metatarsals (foot),
phalanges (fingers/toes)
2 - Short (with cancellous bone) - ankle, wrist
3 - Flat - skull
4 - Irregular - vertebrae, internal ear bones
5 - Sesamoid - round bones embedded in tendons (patella/knee cap)
6 - Wormian - sutural bone
Examining a long bone:
See fig. in lab manual (you should know the structures depicted here)
Diaphysis - contains medullary cavity (with yellow (fat) marrow) is lined by endosteum
that is continuous with that of the central canals of the osteons.
Epiphysis - at the ends of the bones
Metaphyses - growth plate areas between the epiphyses and the diaphyses, during growth
years is hyaline cartilage and is called the epiphyseal disk.
Periosteum - is a fibrous connective tissue covering over the bones that is highly vascular
and sensitive (also osteogenic)
Articular cartilage - is a hyaline cartilage covering over the end surfaces of bones where
they come in contact with other bones in an articulation (joint).
Red marrow is in the ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and the epiphysis of the femur and
humerus.
THE SKULL
1) The Cranium (8 bones)
A) Frontal
B) Parietal
a) sagittal suture
b) coronal suture
C) Temporal
a) squamosal suture
b) zygomatic process
c) mandibular fossa
d) external auditory meatus
e) styloid process
f) mastoid process
g) jugular foramen
h) carotid canal
i) internal acoustic meatus
D) Occipital
a) lambdoidal suture
b) foramen magnum
c) Occipital condyles
d) External occipital crest and protuberance
See fig. in lab manual (you should know the structures depicted here)
Diaphysis - contains medullary cavity (with yellow (fat) marrow) is lined by endosteum
that is continuous with that of the central canals of the osteons.
Epiphysis - at the ends of the bones
Metaphyses - growth plate areas between the epiphyses and the diaphyses, during growth
years is hyaline cartilage and is called the epiphyseal disk.
Periosteum - is a fibrous connective tissue covering over the bones that is highly vascular
and sensitive (also osteogenic)
Articular cartilage - is a hyaline cartilage covering over the end surfaces of bones where
they come in contact with other bones in an articulation (joint).
Red marrow is in the ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and the epiphysis of the femur and
humerus.
THE SKULL
1) The Cranium (8 bones)
A) Frontal
B) Parietal
a) sagittal suture
b) coronal suture
C) Temporal
a) squamosal suture
b) zygomatic process
c) mandibular fossa
d) external auditory meatus
e) styloid process
f) mastoid process
g) jugular foramen
h) carotid canal
i) internal acoustic meatus
D) Occipital
a) lambdoidal suture
b) foramen magnum
c) Occipital condyles
d) External occipital crest and protuberance
E) Sphenoid
a) greater wings
b) sella turcica
c) hypophyseal fossa
d) optic canals
e) foramen ovale
F) Ethmoid
a) crista galli
b) cribriform plates
c) perpendicular plate
d) superior and middle nasal conchae
2) Facial bones (14 bones)
A) Mandible
a) body
b) ramus
c) mandibular condyle
d) coronoid process
e) angle
f) mental foramen
g) alveolar margin
B) Maxillae
a) alveolar margin
b) palatine processes
C) Palatine
D) Zygomatic
E) Lacrimal
F) Nasal
G) Vomer
H) Inferior nasal conchae (turbinates)
3) Hyoid
A) body
B) greater horns
C) lesser horns
4) Paranasal Sinuses
A) Maxillary
B) Sphenoid
C) Ethmoid
D) Frontal
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY - 1,LAB
Exercise - (Vertebral column & Thorax)
The vertebral column - extends from the skull to the pelvis and represents the body's
major axial support. It consists of 33 segments called vertebrae, 24 are considered
a) greater wings
b) sella turcica
c) hypophyseal fossa
d) optic canals
e) foramen ovale
F) Ethmoid
a) crista galli
b) cribriform plates
c) perpendicular plate
d) superior and middle nasal conchae
2) Facial bones (14 bones)
A) Mandible
a) body
b) ramus
c) mandibular condyle
d) coronoid process
e) angle
f) mental foramen
g) alveolar margin
B) Maxillae
a) alveolar margin
b) palatine processes
C) Palatine
D) Zygomatic
E) Lacrimal
F) Nasal
G) Vomer
H) Inferior nasal conchae (turbinates)
3) Hyoid
A) body
B) greater horns
C) lesser horns
4) Paranasal Sinuses
A) Maxillary
B) Sphenoid
C) Ethmoid
D) Frontal
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY - 1,LAB
Exercise - (Vertebral column & Thorax)
The vertebral column - extends from the skull to the pelvis and represents the body's
major axial support. It consists of 33 segments called vertebrae, 24 are considered
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Subject
Anatomy and Physiology