A and P 1 Lab Bone Module 1

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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY- 1,LABExercises - Those pertaining to the skeleton, Axial & AppendicularThe skeleton - is composed of 206 bones and represents the body's framework, it iscomposed of cartilage and bone which we previously studied in the histology exerciseson connective tissues that were specialized for support.Functions: (it must provide support and protection while allowing for movement)supportprotectionlevers for locomotionlipid and mineral storagehematopoiesis (blood cell formation)To accomplish the first three the skeleton is composed of individual bones linkedtogether at joints (articulations). The anatomical structure of the bone itself accomplishesthe remaining two.The skeleton is divided into two basic divisions:1)the axial skeleton - which lies around the center of gravity2)the appendicular skeleton - the limbs/appendagesSee Fig. in Lab manualBone Markings:The various bumps, holes, and ridges seen on bones, that serve for joint formations,muscle and ligament attachments, and where blood vessels & nerves pass.See table in lab manual (you should learn to recognize the markings described here)Classification of bones:1 - Long (with medullary cavities) - arm, leg, metacarples (hand), metatarsals (foot),phalanges (fingers/toes)2 - Short (with cancellous bone) - ankle, wrist3 - Flat - skull4 - Irregular - vertebrae, internal ear bones5 - Sesamoid - round bones embedded in tendons (patella/knee cap)6 - Wormian - sutural bone

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Examining a long bone:See fig. in lab manual (you should know the structures depicted here)Diaphysis - contains medullary cavity (with yellow (fat) marrow) is lined by endosteumthat is continuous with that of the central canals of the osteons.Epiphysis - at the ends of the bonesMetaphyses - growth plate areas between the epiphyses and the diaphyses, during growthyears is hyaline cartilage and is called the epiphyseal disk.Periosteum - is a fibrous connective tissue covering over the bones that is highly vascularand sensitive (also osteogenic)Articular cartilage - is a hyaline cartilage covering over the end surfaces of bones wherethey come in contact with other bones in an articulation (joint).Red marrow is in the ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and the epiphysis of the femur andhumerus.THE SKULL1)The Cranium (8 bones)A) FrontalB) Parietala)sagittal sutureb)coronal sutureC) Temporala)squamosal sutureb)zygomatic processc)mandibular fossad)external auditory meatuse)styloid processf)mastoid processg)jugular foramenh)carotid canali)internal acoustic meatusD) Occipitala)lambdoidal sutureb)foramen magnumc)Occipital condylesd)External occipital crest and protuberance

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E) Sphenoida)greater wingsb)sella turcicac)hypophyseal fossad)optic canalse)foramen ovaleF)Ethmoida)crista gallib)cribriform platesc)perpendicular plated)superior and middle nasal conchae2)Facial bones (14 bones)A) Mandiblea)bodyb)ramusc)mandibular condyled)coronoid processe)anglef)mental forameng)alveolar marginB) Maxillaea)alveolar marginb)palatine processesC) PalatineD) ZygomaticE) LacrimalF)NasalG) VomerH) Inferior nasal conchae (turbinates)3)HyoidA) bodyB) greater hornsC) lesser horns4)Paranasal SinusesA) MaxillaryB) SphenoidC) EthmoidD) FrontalANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY- 1,LABExercise - (Vertebral column & Thorax)The vertebral column - extends from the skull to the pelvis and represents the body'smajor axial support. It consists of 33 segments called vertebrae, 24 are considered

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