The Human Body An Orientation

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Chapter 1The Human Body: An OrientationWhy This Matters□Learning and understanding anatomical tenninology allows you to communicate accurately withyour colleagues in the health sciences.1.1Form and Function of Anatomy & Physiology□Anatomy-Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another□Physiology-Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-sustaining activitiesTopics of Anatomy□Subdivisions of anatomy:-Grossor macroscopic anatomyis the study of large, visible structures□Regional anatomy looks at all structures in a particular area of the bodyHSystem anatomy looks at just one system (cardiovascular, nervous, muscular, etc.)□Surface anatomy looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (visible musclemasses or veins seen on surface)Topics of Anatomy (cont.)□Subdivisions (cont.)-Microscopic anatomydeals with structures too small to be seen by naked eye□Cytology: microscopic study of cells□Histology: microscopic study of tissues-Developmental anatomystudies anatomical and physiological development throughout life□Embryology: study of developments before birth□To study anatomy, one must know anatomical terminology and be able to observe, manipulate,palpate, and auscultateTopics of Physiology□Subdivisions of physiology-Based on organ systems (e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology)-Often focuses on cellular and molecular levels of the body□Looks at how the body's abilities are dependent on chemical reactions in individual cells□To study physiology, one must understand basic physical principles (e.g., electrical currents,pressure, and movement) as well as basic chemical principlesComplementarity of Structure and Function□Anatomy and physiology are inseparable-Function always reflects structure-What a structure can do depends on its specific form-Known as theprinciple of complementarity of structure and function

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1.2Structural Organization□Human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level:-Chemical level: atoms, molecules, and organelles-Cellular level: single cell-Tissue level: groups of similar cells-Organ level: contains two or more types of tissues-Organ system level: organs that work closely together-Organismal level: all organ systems combined to make the whole organism1.3Requirements for LifeNecessary Life Functions□Maintenance of life involves:-Maintaining boundaries-Movement-Responsiveness-DigestionMetabolism-Excretion-Reproduction-GrowthNecessaiy Life Functions□Maintaining boundaries-Separation between internal and external environments must exist□Plasma membranes separate cellsnSkin separates organism from environment□Movement-Muscular system allows movement□Of body parts via skeletal muscles□Of substances via cardiac muscle (blood) and smooth muscle (digestion, urination)HContractilityrefers to movement at the cellular levelNecessary Life Functions (cont.)□Responsiveness-Ability to sense and respond to stimuli-Withdrawal reflex prevents injury-Control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities□Digestion-Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorption of simple molecules into bloodNecessaiy Life Functions (cont.)UMetabolism-All chemical reactions that occur in body cells□Sum of all catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules)□Excretion-Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion

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□Urea (from breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (from metabolism), feces (unabsorbedfoods)Necessary Life Functions (cont.)□Reproduction-At the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair-At the organismal level, reproduction is the production of offspring□Growth□Increase in size of a body part or of organismNecessary Life Functions (cont.)□Humans aremulticellular, so to function, individual cells must be kept alive-Organ systems are designed to service the cells-All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs□There are 11 organ systems that work together to maintain lifeSurvival Needs□Humans need several factors for survival that must be in the appropriate amounts; too much ortoo little can be harmful:-Nutrients-Oxygen-Water-Normal body temperature-Appropriate atmospheric pressureSurvival Needs (cont.)□Nutrients-Chemicals for energy and cell building□Carbohydrates: major source of energy□Proteins: needed for cell building and cell chemistryUFats: long-term energy storage□Minerals and vitamins: involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes□OxygenEssential for release of energy from foods□The body can survive only a few minutes without oxygenSurvival Needs (cont.)□Water-Most abundant chemical in body; provides the watery environment needed for chemicalreactions□Also is fluid base for secretions and excretions□Normal body temperature-If body temp falls below or goes above 37°C, rates of chemical reactions are affected□Appropriate atmospheric pressure-Specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs

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