Bio Exam 1 Notes
Comprehensive Bio 131 Exam 1 notes covering anatomy & physiology basics: body organization, homeostasis, anatomical terms, biomolecules, cell structure, membranes, and organ systems. Perfect for a targeted review before your first exam.
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BI0 131 Exam 1_21
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
* Organization at the Body
o Anatomy Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
“ Physiology Study of how the body and ns parts wort <n luneIion.
Ways to Study Anatomy
* Gross Anatomy
o Focuses on Urge structures that are easily observabte with the naked eye
* Microscopic Anatomy
» involves very small structures that must be viewed with .1 m i c r o s c o p e
o Cytology Study of cells in terms of structure, function, and chemistry
4 Histology Study of tissues
Levels of Organization in Biology
* Atoms and Molecules
o Essential components Include proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and
UptdS.
*■ Cells
■s Smallest unit of life composed ot organelles and cellular structures.
* Tissues
n Groups ot similar cells performing specific 1unctions {e.g., epithelial,
connective. muscurar, nervous).
« Organs
□ Two ar more types of tissues working together to perform a Specific
function leg., stomach, heart).
* Organ Systems
□ Groups of organs working together for a common purpose (e g., digestive
system, reproductive system)
' Organism
c Tl i- total living nnlity composed ot . r ouv organ systems Inc -jdlrig human
beings.
Homeostasis
’ Definitkxi Maintenance ol the body's internal environment within specific ranges.
* Control of Homeostasis
o Prevents extreme deviation'.
□ Feedback Mechanisms:
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
* Organization at the Body
o Anatomy Study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts
“ Physiology Study of how the body and ns parts wort <n luneIion.
Ways to Study Anatomy
* Gross Anatomy
o Focuses on Urge structures that are easily observabte with the naked eye
* Microscopic Anatomy
» involves very small structures that must be viewed with .1 m i c r o s c o p e
o Cytology Study of cells in terms of structure, function, and chemistry
4 Histology Study of tissues
Levels of Organization in Biology
* Atoms and Molecules
o Essential components Include proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and
UptdS.
*■ Cells
■s Smallest unit of life composed ot organelles and cellular structures.
* Tissues
n Groups ot similar cells performing specific 1unctions {e.g., epithelial,
connective. muscurar, nervous).
« Organs
□ Two ar more types of tissues working together to perform a Specific
function leg., stomach, heart).
* Organ Systems
□ Groups of organs working together for a common purpose (e g., digestive
system, reproductive system)
' Organism
c Tl i- total living nnlity composed ot . r ouv organ systems Inc -jdlrig human
beings.
Homeostasis
’ Definitkxi Maintenance ol the body's internal environment within specific ranges.
* Control of Homeostasis
o Prevents extreme deviation'.
□ Feedback Mechanisms:
O Negative Feedback iody recognize* change and mH ales a
response to negate that change {e.g., blood pressure regulation).
• Positive Feedback Amplifies changer -tway from the normal
stale e.g., labor doling childbirth).
« Dynamic Equilibrium
Stale ol balance that 13 dynamic and continuously changing
Anatomical Position and Terms
• Anatomical Position: Standing erect, facing forward, atm* at aides, palms and toes
directed forward.
- Directional Terms:
° Ant erIor/ Ventral Toward rhe belly it* g., trachea Is anterior to the
esophagus),
0 Postarlor/Dorcal! Toward the back l» j. r esophagus is posterior to the
trachea),
□ Superior: Above another part {e.g navel is supenor to the feet)
o Inferior: Be ow another pari [e.g., loot are inferior In the navel|
• Medial: Nearer to the midline le.g.r nose is medial to the ears),
* Lateral Farther Pom the fiudhne |e g . ears are later ,1 io the nose).
□ Proximal Closer to the point of attachment (e.g., elbow is proximal to the
hand),
u Distal: Farther from the pcm( of attachment le g., hand is distal to (he
elbow),
0 Superficial Nearer to (he body curtace leg skin is super hcia' to the
muscle sj.
■? Deep- Away from the body surface io g,, muse 'c is deep Io the skin)
Body Cavities
• Dorsal Cavities
b SiiiMted on ihedt' j ',-il side < nnlaming the brain and Milnal cord
• Ventral Cavities
fl Located on the Ventral Side, containing motor body cavities such aS the
abdomen, thoracic, and pelvic cavities.
Trunk Cavities and Membranes
• Serous Membrane
□ Produces a watery substance to reduce friction.
» Visceral membrane Surrounds organs.
« Parietal membrane Attached to cavity wads.
o Cavity: Space between visceral and parietal membranes
• Thoracic Cavity
fl Pleural Cavities. Each lung is surrounded by visceral pleura, lined with
panel flI pleura
o Pericardial Cavity. Surrounds the heart with visceral pericard urn and
parietal pericardium
o Abdominal Cavity Contains digestive organs lined with visceral and
parietal peritoneum.
response to negate that change {e.g., blood pressure regulation).
• Positive Feedback Amplifies changer -tway from the normal
stale e.g., labor doling childbirth).
« Dynamic Equilibrium
Stale ol balance that 13 dynamic and continuously changing
Anatomical Position and Terms
• Anatomical Position: Standing erect, facing forward, atm* at aides, palms and toes
directed forward.
- Directional Terms:
° Ant erIor/ Ventral Toward rhe belly it* g., trachea Is anterior to the
esophagus),
0 Postarlor/Dorcal! Toward the back l» j. r esophagus is posterior to the
trachea),
□ Superior: Above another part {e.g navel is supenor to the feet)
o Inferior: Be ow another pari [e.g., loot are inferior In the navel|
• Medial: Nearer to the midline le.g.r nose is medial to the ears),
* Lateral Farther Pom the fiudhne |e g . ears are later ,1 io the nose).
□ Proximal Closer to the point of attachment (e.g., elbow is proximal to the
hand),
u Distal: Farther from the pcm( of attachment le g., hand is distal to (he
elbow),
0 Superficial Nearer to (he body curtace leg skin is super hcia' to the
muscle sj.
■? Deep- Away from the body surface io g,, muse 'c is deep Io the skin)
Body Cavities
• Dorsal Cavities
b SiiiMted on ihedt' j ',-il side < nnlaming the brain and Milnal cord
• Ventral Cavities
fl Located on the Ventral Side, containing motor body cavities such aS the
abdomen, thoracic, and pelvic cavities.
Trunk Cavities and Membranes
• Serous Membrane
□ Produces a watery substance to reduce friction.
» Visceral membrane Surrounds organs.
« Parietal membrane Attached to cavity wads.
o Cavity: Space between visceral and parietal membranes
• Thoracic Cavity
fl Pleural Cavities. Each lung is surrounded by visceral pleura, lined with
panel flI pleura
o Pericardial Cavity. Surrounds the heart with visceral pericard urn and
parietal pericardium
o Abdominal Cavity Contains digestive organs lined with visceral and
parietal peritoneum.
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Anatomy and Physiology