Bio Exam 1 Notes

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BI0 131 Exam 1_21Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology*Organization at the BodyoAnatomyStudy of the structure and shape of the body and its parts“PhysiologyStudy of how the body and ns parts wort <n luneIion.Ways to Study Anatomy*Gross AnatomyoFocuses on Urge structures that are easily observabte with the naked eye*Microscopic Anatomy»involves very small structuresthatmustbe viewedwith .1 m i c r o s c o p eoCytologyStudy of cells in terms of structure, function, and chemistry4HistologyStudyoftissuesLevels of Organization in Biology*Atoms and MoleculesoEssential components Include proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids,andUptdS.*■Cells■s Smallest unit of life composed ot organelles and cellular structures.*TissuesnGroups ot similar cells performing specific 1unctions {e.g., epithelial,connective. muscurar, nervous).«Organs□Two ar more types of tissues working together to perform a Specificfunction leg., stomach, heart).*Organ Systems□Groups of organsworkingtogetherfor acommon purpose(e g.,digestivesystem, reproductive system)'OrganismcTl i- total living nnlity composed ot . r ouv organ systems Inc -jdlrig humanbeings.Homeostasis’Definitkxi Maintenance ol the body's internal environment within specific ranges.*Control of HomeostasisoPrevents extreme deviation'.□Feedback Mechanisms:

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ONegative Feedbackiody recognize* change and mH alesaresponse to negate that change {e.g., blood pressure regulation).•Positive FeedbackAmplifies changer -tway from the normalstalee.g.,labordoling childbirth).«Dynamic EquilibriumStale ol balance that 13 dynamic and continuously changingAnatomical Position and Terms•Anatomical Position: Standingerect, facing forward, atm* at aides, palms and toesdirectedforward.-Directional Terms:°Ant erIor/ VentralToward rhe belly it* g., trachea Is anterior to theesophagus),0Postarlor/Dorcal! Toward the back l» j.resophagus is posterior to thetrachea),□Superior:Above another part {e.gnavel is supenor to the feet)oInferior:Be ow another pari [e.g., loot are inferior In the navel|•Medial:Nearer to the midline le.g.rnose is medial to the ears),*Lateral Farther Pom the fiudhne |e g . ears are later ,1 io the nose).□Proximal Closer to the point of attachment (e.g., elbow is proximal to thehand),uDistal: Farther from the pcm( of attachment le g., hand is distal to (heelbow),0Superficial Nearer to (he body curtace legskin is superhcia' to themuscle sj.■? Deep- Away from the body surface io g,, muse'c is deep Io the skin)Body Cavities•Dorsal CavitiesbSiiiMted on ihedt'j',-il side <nnlamingthebrainand Milnalcord•Ventral CavitiesflLocated on the Ventral Side, containing motor body cavities such aS theabdomen, thoracic, and pelvic cavities.Trunk Cavities and Membranes•Serous Membrane□Produces a watery substance to reduce friction.»Visceral membraneSurrounds organs.«Parietal membraneAttached to cavity wads.oCavity:Space between visceral and parietal membranes•Thoracic CavityflPleural Cavities. Each lung is surrounded by visceral pleura, lined withpanel flI pleuraoPericardial Cavity. Surrounds the heart with visceral pericard urn andparietal pericardiumoAbdominal CavityContains digestive organs lined with visceral andparietal peritoneum.

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