Chapter 6 Lecture Notes
Comprehensive lab guide for Anatomy & Physiology 1 covering skeletal system structure, bone classification, skull and vertebrae anatomy, and joint types. Essential for students studying human skeletal anatomy.
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BIOX-110 - Anatomy & Physiology
Thomas Jefferson University
Chapter 6: Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue Lecture Notes
6.1 Functions of the Skeletal System
1. The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
2. The skeletal system supports the body, protects the organs it surrounds, allows body movements, stores minerals
and fats, and is the site of blood cell production.
6.2 Cartilage
1. Chondroblasts produce cartilage and become chondrocytes. Chondrocytes are located in lacunae surrounded by
matrix.
2. The matrix of cartilage contains collagen fibers (for strength) and proteoglycans (to trap water).
3. The perichondrium surrounds cartilage.
□ The outer layer contains fibroblasts.
□ The inner layer contains chondroblasts.
4. Cartilage grows by both appositional and interstitial growth.
6.3 Bone Histology
Bone Matrix
1. Collagen provides flexible strength.
2. Hydroxyapatite provides compressional strength.
Bone Cells
1. Osteoblasts produce bone matrix and become osteocytes.
□ Osteoblasts connect to one another through cell processes and surround themselves with bone matrix to
become osteocytes.
□ Osteocytes are located in lacunae and are connected to one another through canaliculi.
2. Osteoclasts break down bone (with assistance from osteoblasts).
3. Osteoblasts originate from osteochondral progenitor cells, whereas osteoclasts originate from stem cells in red
bone maiTow.
4. Ossification, the formation of bone, occurs through appositional growth.
Woven and Lamellar Bone
1. Woven bone has collagen fibers oriented in many directions. It is remodeled to form lamellar bone.
2. Lamellar bone is arranged in thin layers, called lamellae, which have collagen fibers oriented parallel to one
another.
Spongy and Compact Bone
1. Spongy bone has many spaces.
U Lamellae combine to form trabeculae, beams of bone that interconnect to form a latticelike structure with
spaces filled with bone marrow and blood vessels.
□ The trabeculae are oriented along lines of stress and provide structural strength.
2. Compact bone is dense, with few spaces.
□ Compact bone consists of organized lamellae: Circumferential lamellae form the outer surface of compact
bones; concentric lamellae surround central canals, forming osteons; interstitial lamellae are remnants of
lamellae left after bone remodeling.
□ Canals within compact bone provide a means for exchanging gases, nutrients, and waste products. From
the periosteum or endosteum, perforating canals carry blood vessels to central canals, and canaliculi
connect central canals to osteocytes.
6.4 Bone Anatomy
Structure of a Long Bone
1. The diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone, and the epiphyses are distinct from the diaphysis and house the
epiphyseal plate.
2. The epiphyseal plate is the site of lengthwise bone growth.
3. The medullary cavity is a space within the diaphysis.
4. Red marrow is the site of blood cell production, and yellow marrow consists of fat.
5. The periosteum covers the outer surface of bone.
□ The outer layer contains blood vessels and nerves.
Topics, Figures and Tables listed in the Lecture Notes arc referencing your Textbook, Seeley's Anatomy & Physiology (13 111
edition),
McGraw Hill LLC.
1
Thomas Jefferson University
Chapter 6: Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue Lecture Notes
6.1 Functions of the Skeletal System
1. The skeletal system consists of bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
2. The skeletal system supports the body, protects the organs it surrounds, allows body movements, stores minerals
and fats, and is the site of blood cell production.
6.2 Cartilage
1. Chondroblasts produce cartilage and become chondrocytes. Chondrocytes are located in lacunae surrounded by
matrix.
2. The matrix of cartilage contains collagen fibers (for strength) and proteoglycans (to trap water).
3. The perichondrium surrounds cartilage.
□ The outer layer contains fibroblasts.
□ The inner layer contains chondroblasts.
4. Cartilage grows by both appositional and interstitial growth.
6.3 Bone Histology
Bone Matrix
1. Collagen provides flexible strength.
2. Hydroxyapatite provides compressional strength.
Bone Cells
1. Osteoblasts produce bone matrix and become osteocytes.
□ Osteoblasts connect to one another through cell processes and surround themselves with bone matrix to
become osteocytes.
□ Osteocytes are located in lacunae and are connected to one another through canaliculi.
2. Osteoclasts break down bone (with assistance from osteoblasts).
3. Osteoblasts originate from osteochondral progenitor cells, whereas osteoclasts originate from stem cells in red
bone maiTow.
4. Ossification, the formation of bone, occurs through appositional growth.
Woven and Lamellar Bone
1. Woven bone has collagen fibers oriented in many directions. It is remodeled to form lamellar bone.
2. Lamellar bone is arranged in thin layers, called lamellae, which have collagen fibers oriented parallel to one
another.
Spongy and Compact Bone
1. Spongy bone has many spaces.
U Lamellae combine to form trabeculae, beams of bone that interconnect to form a latticelike structure with
spaces filled with bone marrow and blood vessels.
□ The trabeculae are oriented along lines of stress and provide structural strength.
2. Compact bone is dense, with few spaces.
□ Compact bone consists of organized lamellae: Circumferential lamellae form the outer surface of compact
bones; concentric lamellae surround central canals, forming osteons; interstitial lamellae are remnants of
lamellae left after bone remodeling.
□ Canals within compact bone provide a means for exchanging gases, nutrients, and waste products. From
the periosteum or endosteum, perforating canals carry blood vessels to central canals, and canaliculi
connect central canals to osteocytes.
6.4 Bone Anatomy
Structure of a Long Bone
1. The diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone, and the epiphyses are distinct from the diaphysis and house the
epiphyseal plate.
2. The epiphyseal plate is the site of lengthwise bone growth.
3. The medullary cavity is a space within the diaphysis.
4. Red marrow is the site of blood cell production, and yellow marrow consists of fat.
5. The periosteum covers the outer surface of bone.
□ The outer layer contains blood vessels and nerves.
Topics, Figures and Tables listed in the Lecture Notes arc referencing your Textbook, Seeley's Anatomy & Physiology (13 111
edition),
McGraw Hill LLC.
1
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