Scientific American Biology for a Changing World Second Edition Test Bank

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Biology for a Changing World 2e,Chapter 1 Test Bank1.A hypothesis is a statement thatA.can bechanged throughout the experiment.B.can beavidly accepted by scientists.C.can betested and proven true.D.can betested and proven false.E.precedesa theory.Answer: DDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: understanding scientific studies2.Where are the most reliable scientific results published?A.inthe daily newsB.in science magazinesC.inscience journalsD.onscientific websitesE.in peer-reviewed scientific journalsAnswer: EDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportantWords/Concepts: understanding scientific studies3.Imagine that you read a study of the effects of exercise on the prevalence of heart disease inwomen ages 35 to 65. Although you believe the experiment was carried out in anappropriate manner, you still do not believe the results. You decide to conduct your ownstudy to see for yourself. To determine if the results of the first study are valid, should youdo everything the same way as the first study or wouldit be better ifyou changedseveral ofthe variables, such as studying men, or looking at different age groups? Explain your choice,and explain the consequences of the other choice.Answer:To be most comparable, you would conduct your new study in the exact samemanner as the previous study. If you were to change any of the variables, then the resultsmight change as well; thus, you would not be able to compare your new results to the firststudy.DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Use ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: contradictory results, experimental differences, process of science4.The scientific process from beginning to end can be outlined as:A.hypothesize, test, analyze, and conclude.

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B.observe, hypothesize, test, analyze, andconclude.C.observe, question, test, analyze, and conclude.D.hypothesize, test, analyze, and conclude.E.observe,test, hypothesize, analyze,and conclude.Answer: BDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: the scientific process, peer review5.Observations used as scientific evidence should NOT includeA.peer-reviewed scientific literature.B.previous data generated.C.observations about past work.D.anecdotal evidence.E.other people’s data.Answer: DDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: the scientific process, peer review6.A hypothesis can be everything EXCEPTA.proven true.B.not supported.C.supported.D.falsifiable.E.testable.Answer: ADQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: the scientific process, peer review7.All of the following are true of a scientific hypothesis EXCEPTA.it is an opinion.B.it is an educated guess to explain an observation.C.there must be a way to test the hypothesis.D.there must exist a possibility of obtaining a result that could prove your hypothesiswrong.E.there must exist a possibility of obtaining a result that could support your hypothesis.Answer: ADQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: hypothesis, process of science

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8.Which of the following places the steps of the scientific process in the correct order?A.experiment→questions→hypothesis→read literature→conclusionsB.questions→experiment→read literature→hypothesis→conclusionsC.readliterature→experiment→questions→conclusion→hypothesisD.questions→read literature→hypothesis→experiment→conclusionsE.readliterature→questions→experiment→hypothesis→conclusionsAnswer: DDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: hypothesis, process of science9.Why can’t science answer questions about the existence of a supernatural being?Answer:Science requires a hypothesis that is testable and falsifiable. There is no way to testtheexistence of a supernatural being, nor is it possible to prove that something does not exist.DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: hypothesis, process of science10.A scientific hypothesis must have two very important features. What are they?Answer:A scientific hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable.DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: HardImportantWords/Concepts: hypothesis, process of science11.What does it mean to say that a scientific study has undergone “peer review”? Why is thisimportant?Answer:When a study has undergone peer review it means that other scientists haveexamined the study to make sure the experiment was carried out properly and that theconclusions are appropriate. This is important to weed out studies with questionable methodsand results to ensure scientific accuracy and reliability.DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: peer review, process of science

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12.Why do scientists say that a hypothesis is “supported” and never say that a hypothesis hasbeen “proven”?Answer:Because it is impossible to test a hypothesis under every possible scenario;there isno way to “prove” a hypothesis. Thus, a hypothesis can only be supported.DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: HardImportantWords/Concepts: hypothesis, process of science13. What are the steps used in the process of a scientific study?A.makinginitial observations that generate questions, studying the literature, generatinghypotheses that are both testable and falsifiable, testing the hypothesis withexperiments and analyzing the data, and making conclusions that are supported bydataB.generatinghypotheses, conducting experiments, researching literature, makingconclusions supported by the literature, and analyzing dataC.makinginitial observations that generate questions, generating hypotheses, studyingthe literature, conducting experiments based on literature, and making conclusionssupported by dataD.generatinghypotheses based on published literature, testing hypotheses, and makingconclusions supported by dataE.None of the above.Answer: ADQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: scientific studies, experimental design14. What is the first step in the scientific process?A.designingan experimentB.choosingtest subjectsC.peerreview of your studyD.analyzingyour dataE.formulatinga hypothesisAnswer: EDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: scientific process, hypothesis, design15. What is the importance of peer review in the scientific process?A.It helps a scientist formulate a hypothesis.B.It helps a scientist choose test subjects.C.It ensures that a study has been appropriately designed and correctly interpreted.

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D.It helps the scientist collect data.E.It is the first step in any scientific study.Answer: CDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: scientific process, peer review16. I notice that all the students in my class seem very drowsy 45 minutes into my class period.Knowing that it could not possibly be my lectureputting them to sleep, I consider otherfactors such as the fact that my class is at 5pm and the sun is usually setting at that time ofthe day,which I think may make people drowsy. What type of evidence am I collecting inmaking this observation?A.experimentalB.anecdotalC.peerreviewedD.coincidentalE.untestableAnswer: BDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Use ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: scientific process, evidence, anecdotal17. What are the criteria for a good hypothesis?A.It must be realistic and have only one possible result.B.It must have only one possible result and be peer reviewed.C.It must be based on anecdotal evidence and be testable.D.It must be based onpeer-reviewed journal articles and be realistic.E.It must be testable and falsifiable.Answer: EDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: scientific process, hypothesis, design18. Based on previous published data and some preliminary experiments done in my lab, Ihypothesize that a drugcalled “shrinkase” will inhibitthe growth of a particular type ofcancerous tumor. What is my next step in the scientific process?A.findpeople with that kind of tumorB.obtaina large supply of shrinkaseC.determinewhat my control and experimental groups will beD.submitmy hypothesis for peer reviewE.analyzethe results of my experimentsAnswer: CDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?

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Type: Use ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: scientific process, hypothesis, design, experiment19. What conclusions can be drawn from a hypothesis?A.If evidence supports the hypothesis, the hypothesis is considered scientific theory.B.If evidence rejects the hypothesis, then it can be removed from the list of possibleanswers to the original question.C.If data support the hypothesis, then it is accepted and further testing is not warranted.D.If there is data to support the hypothesis, then it is accepted until further testingsuggests otherwise.E.Both B and D.Answer: EDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: experiment,design, statistical significance, sample size20. Evidence that is not based on systematic scientific study is known as ____ evidence.A.empiricalB.causationalC.anecdotalD.logicalE.statisticalAnswer: CDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: anecdotal evidence21. If the results of an experiment contradict the hypothesis, you have _____ the hypothesis.A.supportedB.falsifiedC.provedD.failedE.verifiedAnswer: BDQ: How is thescientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: hypothesistesting22. Scientific journals send out potential articles to other scientists working in the same researcharea, and those scientists make comments regarding the research. This is known asA.jurisprudence.B.peer rebuttal.

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C.journalistic integrity.D.journalistic license.E.peer review.Answer: EDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts:peer review23. A hypothesis must be ____ and _____.A.logical; verifiableB.logical; falsifiableC.testable; logicalD.irrefutable; testableE.testable; falsifiableAnswer: EDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: hypothesis24. You have the following known facts: Smoking causes accumulation of materials in thelungs, thereby decreasingoxygen-absorbing capability of the lungs. Long-term smokingcauses more accumulation of materials in the lungs. Decreased lung capacity increases theworkload of the heart. Which of the following hypotheses can you make from theseobservations?A.People who never smokewillnever develop lung problems.B.Long-term smokers have poorer heart health than non-smokers.C.New smokers have poorer heart health than long-term smokers.D.Stopping smoking eliminates lung problems within two years.E.Stopping smoking eliminates heart problems within two years.Answer: BDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: hypothesis25. A hypothesis is often called an educated guess. Why is it a guess and why is it educated?Answer:It is a guess because it is a possible answer to aquestion that has been formulatedbut not yet answered. It is educated because that question and the possible answer are bothbased on prior knowledge gained from previous observation and research.DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Use ItDifficulty: Easy

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Important Words/Concepts: hypothesis26.A controlled experiment describes the use ofA.separate control and experimental groups.B.precise measurements.C.accurate and careful measurements.D.more thanone variable changing separately.E.careful testing of the hypothesis.Answer: ADQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: independent and dependent variable, control and experimentalgroups27.In acontrolled experiment, the control and experimental groups differ in theA.environmental variable.B.controlled variable.C.independent variable.D.dependent variable.E.result.Answer: CDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: independent and dependent variable, control and experimentalgroups28.A placebo is given to the:A.dependent group.B.control group.C.independent group.D.experimental group.E.variable group.Answer: BDQ: How is thescientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: independent and dependent variable, control and experimentalgroups29.In a controlled experimentusually only one factoris changed,which is theA.placebo.B.controlled variable.C.coordinate variable.D.independent variable.

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E.dependent variable.Answer: DDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: independent and dependent variable, control and experimentalgroupsUse the following information to answer Questions 30-33.To test the effectiveness of a new drug designed to improve concentration in children withhyperactivity disorder, a researcher divided 100 children withhyperactivity disorder into twogroups of 50 children each.First, both groups received a test to determine the length of timethey could study a word list before their attention wandered.Then, group 1 received the newdrug while group 2 received a sugar pill. One hour later, both groups took the concentration testagain.30.Which group is the experimental group and which is the control group?Answer:Group 1 is the experimental group; group 2 is the control group.31.Why did group 2 receive asugar pill instead of simply not taking anything at all?Answer:Group 2 received the sugar pill so that as many variables as possible would be the samebetween the two groups.32.What is the independent variable in this study?Answer:The independent variable is the drug.33.What is the dependent variable in this study?Answer:The dependent variable is attention span.DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Use ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: control group, dependent variable, experimental group, independentvariable, process of science34.A study is conducted to see if walking reduces joint stiffness in people suffering fromarthritis of the knee. Half the participants are instructed to walk anadditional 1 mile everyday, while the other half are told to go about their normal daily routine with no additionalexercise. In this study, the group that walks an extra mile every day is referred to as theA. control group.B. experimental group.C. placebo group.D. dependent group.E. independent group.Answer: BCommented [IJ1]:wimba: This applies to Questions 30-33.

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DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Use ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: control group, dependent variable, experimental group, independentvariable, placebo, process of science35.A study was conducted to determine if the growth rate of babies differs between babies thatare bottle-fed and babies that are breast-fed. In this experiment, growth rate is referred to astheA. controlled variable.B. experimental variable.C. dependent variable.D. independent variable.E.placebo variable.Answer: CDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: control group,dependent variable, experimental group, independentvariable, placebo, process of science36. Two groups of people are given a drug that they are told will make them drowsy. However,only one group actually receives this drug, while the other groupsecretly receives a sugarpill. Strangely, both groups report feeling very tired 30 minutes later. The group receivingthe sugar pill is said to be experiencing theA.control effect.B.experimental effect.C.dependent effect.D.independent effect.E.placebo effect.Answer: EDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: control group, dependent variable, experimental group, independentvariable, placebo, process of science37. What is a placebo treatment and why is it important in a properly designed experiment?Answer:A placebo treatment is a fake treatment given to the control group to mimic theexperience of the experimental group. It is important to keep asmany factors as possibleidentical between the experimental and control groups so that only the variable being studiedis different. By doing this, you ensure that the result you observe is due to the experimentalfactor and not to any other unknown factor.DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?

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Type: Know ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: control group, experimental group, placebo, process of science38. Describe the features of an experimental group versus a control group―for example, in anexperiment whose hypothesis is “consumingcoffee improves memory.”Answer:The experimental group will contain subjects who are observed under theconditions being tested. In this case, experimental and control groups would both have theirmemories tested. The experimental group would be individuals who have had caffeinatedcoffee versus the control group, who would have had decaf coffee (no caffeine).DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: experimental, control, experiment39. What is the importance of a placebo?A.It allows the researcher to treat control and experimental groups differently whileallowing them to believe they are being treated thesame.B.It allows the researcher to treat control and experimental groups the same whileallowing them to believe they are being treated differently.C.It allows the researcher to use an experimental drug on more people.D.It removes the need for a control group.E.All of the above.Answer: ADQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: experimental, control, experiment, placebo40. In a well-designed experiment the independent variableA.does not depend on another factor or condition.B.changes from subject to subject randomly.C.can never be manipulated by the researcher.D.will depend on the dependent variable.E.None of theabove.Answer: ADQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: experimental, control, independentvariableUse the following information to answer Questions 41-43.

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A scientific study looked at the effect of tanning beds on DNA damage. Thescientists took skincells and exposed them to UV radiation (the type used in indoor tanning beds) for differentlengths of time: some for 1 minute, some for 5 minutes, some for 15 minutes, and some for 30minutes. They then looked for signs of DNA damage and compared the results to cells that hadnever been exposed to UV light.41. What is the independent variable in this experiment?A.thenumber ofskin cellsB.thetype of lightC.the length of time the cells are exposedto UV lightD.theuntreated cellsE.theamount of DNA damagein the cellsAnswer: CDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Use ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: experimental, control, independentvariable42. What is the control in this experiment?A.thenumber ofskin cellsB.thetype of lightC.thelength of time the cells are exposedto UV lightD.the untreated cellsE.theamount of DNA damagein the cellsAnswer: DDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Use ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: experimental, control, independentvariable43. What is the independent variable in this experiment?A.thenumber ofskin cellsB.thetype of lightC.thelength of time the cells are exposedto UV lightD.theuntreated cellsE.theamount of DNA damagein the cellsAnswer: EDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Use ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: experimental, control, independentvariable44. You finish a research project and submityour findings to a journal for peer review. Thereviewers decide that they do not think your experimental resultswere convincing enough tosupportor disprove your hypothesis. What is your next step?A.cry

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B.formulatea new hypothesis that better fits your dataC.design and carry out more experiments to support or disprove your hypothesisD.reanalyzeyour dataE.fixyour results so they better fit your hypothesisAnswer: CDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Use ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts:experimental design, scientific process45. A controlled experiment mustA.have a dependent variable.B.have an independent variable.C.be falsifiable.D.be repeatable.E.All of the above.Answer: EDQ: How is the scientific method used totest hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: controlled experiment, variables46. You are running an analysis on different food items to test for the presence of the majorbiological macromolecules starch, proteins, and lipids. For each test you examine four fooditems and distilled water. What is the role of the distilled water?Answer:It is a control.DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: HardImportantWords/Concepts: control47. Numerous studies have shown that the more often a person performs a workout routine thatincreases heart rate, the better their overall heart health is. You have two groups ofindividuals who are willing to participate in a heart-health experiment. Fifty are non-smoking males, ages 18 to 22, who work out threetimes perweek. Fifty are non-smokingmales, ages 18 to 22, who do not work out on a regular basis. In the experiment, they willstep up and down on an 8-inch-high cinder block 120 times/minute for 3 minutes.Researchers will examine their heart rate before starting, immediately after they finish, andevery minute after finishing until their heart rate returns to their original rate. Two commonmeasures of heart health are the percentage increase in heart rate caused by exercise and thetime the heart rate takes to return to the base rate. Based on these parameters, what is yourhypothesis regarding the heart health and test performance of the two groups?

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Answer:Thenon-exercising group will have a greater increase in heart rate and a longerrecovery time than the exercising group, indicating an overall lower level of heart health inthe non-exercising group.DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Use ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: hypothesis, experimental design48. You are performing a bacterial transformation where you are trying to transfer DNA thatcontains the gene for resistance to the antibiotic ampicillin into the bacteriumE. coli.Ampicillin normally killsE. coli, but if you are successful in your transfer of the DNA, theE. coliwill now be unaffected by ampicillin.E. coligrows best on Luria Broth agar plates.Giving a cold period and then a brief heat shock and a cold periodhasbeen shown to helpbacteria cells take up pieces of DNA.You take some cultures ofE. coli, add cold calcium chloride, keep these on ice for 15minutes, heat shock them for 90 seconds, then chill them on ice for 1 minute before puttingthem onto Luria Broth agar plates with ampicillin and Luria Broth plates without ampicillin.These bacteria should be killed by the plates with ampicillin.You take some other cultures ofE. coli, add cold calcium chloride, then add the new DNA,then keep these on ice for 15 minutes, heat shock them for 90 seconds, then chill them on icefor 1 minute before putting them onto Luria Broth agar plates that contain ampicillin andLuria Broth agar plates without ampicillin. If you successfully transferred the DNA, thesebacteria should grow on the plates with ampicillin and the ones without ampicillin.In this experiment, why were the colonies without the added DNA and the colonies with theadded DNA treated the same way (15 minutes cold, then heat shock, then cold)?Answer:As a control to show that you handled both types ofE. colicolonies the same way.Even though there was no DNA to be taken up by the one set ofE. coli, if you had nothandled them the same as the ones with DNA, you might conclude that the cold/heat/coldtreatment conferred the ability to resist ampicillin.DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Use ItDifficulty: HardImportant Words/Concepts: control49.Which of the following is an example of an everyday (non-scientific) theory?A.Objects are attracted to one another by gravity.B.Broccoli tastes better than cauliflower.C.All life forms are related to each other through common ancestry.D.All living things are made of cells.E.The universe was created from a large cosmic explosion.

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Answer: BDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: process of science, theory50.Which is NOT aneveryday(non-scientific)theory?A.If you carry and umbrella it won’t rain.B.Evolution occurs by natural selection.C.The freezer is the best place for valuables.D.Wearing bright clothes cheers one up.E.3000 subjects perform better after a full night’s sleep.Answer: BDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: scientific theory51.Which of the following is NOT a scientific theory?A.Cells comefrom pre-existing cells.B.Objects are attracted to one another by gravity.C.A hypothesis supported by results from an experiment with 3,000 subjects.D.All life forms are related to each other through common ancestry.E.The universe was created from a large cosmic explosion.Answer: CDQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: scientific theory52.Explain whyevolution is not dismissed as “just a theory” with reference to the Theory ofEvolution.Answer:Evolution has been supported by many experiments in many diverse fields. Fossils,comparative anatomy, biochemical, and biographical data support the theory of evolution bynatural selection. Theories in science differ from the mainstream or colloquialinterpretations, as scientific theories are based on results and conclusions from manyexperiments. Over time, supported hypotheses, backed by much data, become recognized asscientific theory.DQ: How is the scientific method used to test hypotheses?Type: Know ItDifficulty: EasyImportant Words/Concepts: scientific theory53.What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

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