Solution Manual for Biology Life on Earth, 11th Edition

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1Biology: Life on Earth w/ Physiology, 11e(Audesirk/Audesirk/Byers)Chapter 1An Introduction to Life on Earth1.1Multiple-Choice Questions1) Scientific inquiry is based onA) cultural biases or traditions.B) stories that are passed down through generations.C) natural causes.D) information found in a gossip magazine.Answer: CDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.6Global L.O.: G12) Which of the following is an example of a natural cause?A) Mice arise from discarded garbage.B) Maggots appear spontaneously on rotting meat.C) Epilepsy is a disease caused by uncontrolled firing of nerve cells in the brain.D) If you sneeze, you will die.Answer: CDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.6Global L.O.: G13) Science cannot answer certain faith-based questions becauseA) scientists are not able to study human behavior.B) faith-based beliefs are impossible to either prove or disprove.C) faith requires deductive reasoning.D) there aren't enough variables.Answer: BDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.6Global L.O.: G1

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24) Which of the following is FALSE about scientific theories?A) They have been thoroughly tested.B) They are developed by inductive reasoning.C) They are used to support observations using deductive reasoning.D) They can be either supported or modified by new observations.E) They are firmly established and cannot be refuted.Answer: EDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.9Global L.O.: G15) Which of these would be an example of a NON-scientific study?A) A study determines differences in the species composition in two parks.B) People are immunized with different vaccines to determine their relative effectiveness againstthe flu virus.C) NASA sends tadpoles up in the space shuttle to see how gravity affects their development.D) Consumers are asked which tomato variety produces the best-tasting spaghetti sauce.E) A company uses different advertising methods for a product to determine which one producesthe most sales.Answer: DDiff: 3Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.7Global L.O.: G16) The scientific method includes all of the following EXCEPTA) experimentation.B) a testable theory.C) an observation.D) a hypothesis.E) conclusions.Answer: BDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.7Global L.O.: G1

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37) We use the scientific method every day. Imagine that your car doesn't start one morningbefore school. Which of these is a reasonablehypothesisregarding the problem?A) I'm going to be late.B) If I put gas in my car, it will start.C) I should check whether the lights were left on and drained the battery.D) I should change the battery or the starter.E) I should add a quart of oil.Answer: BDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.7Global L.O.: G18) A scientific theoryA) is a general explanation for natural phenomena.B) is an educated guess.C) is less reliable than a hypothesis.D) will never be changed.Answer: ADiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.9Global L.O.: G19) A scientific explanation that is conditional and requires more investigation is called a(n)A) theory.B) fact.C) control.D) hypothesis.E) observation.Answer: DDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.7Global L.O.: G1

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410) A carefully formulated scientific explanation that is based on extensive observations and is inaccord with scientific principles is called aA) hypothesis.B) theory.C) fact.D) control.E) postulate.Answer: BDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.7Global L.O.: G111) All of the following are features of the scientific method EXCEPTA) hypothesis formulation.B) observation and experimentation.C) supernatural causes.D) deductive reasoning.E) repeatable by other scientists.Answer: CDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.7Global L.O.: G112) Suppose you are testing a treatment for AIDS patients and find that 75% respond well,whereas 25% show no improvement or a decline in health. You shouldA) conclude that you have proven the effectiveness of the drug.B) conclude that only 75% of AIDS patients should be treated.C) review the results, modify the drug or the dosage, and repeat the experiment.D) discontinue experimentation with this treatment because 25% of patients did not improve.E) begin work on developing a new drug.Answer: CDiff: 3Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.7Global L.O.: G1; G2; G4

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513) Alexander Fleming observed a colony of mold that inhibited the growth of nearby bacteria.What was the hypothesis proposed by Fleming to explain this result?A) The mold used all of the nutrients so that the bacteria couldn't grow.B) The mold produced a substance that killed nearby bacteria.C) The bacteria changed their DNA when growing near the mold.D) The mold was dead.Answer: BDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Synthesis/EvaluationLearning Outcome: 1.7Global L.O.: G114) Imagine that 1 milliliter of an experimental drug diluted in a saline solution is injected into20 pregnant mice to determine possible side effects. Which of the following is a suitable controlfor this experiment?A) 20 male mice injected with 1 milliliter of salineB) 20 male mice injected with 1 milliliter of the drugC) 20 pregnant mice injected with 2 milliliters of the drugD) 20 non-pregnant mice injected with 1 milliliter of the drugE) 20 pregnant mice injected with 1 milliliter of salineAnswer: EDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.7Global L.O.: G115) Which of the following statements is a hypothesis rather than a theory?A) Matter is composed of atoms.B) Living things are made of cells.C) Modern organisms descended from preexisting life-forms.D) Female birds prefer to mate with male birds that have longer tails.Answer: DDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.9Global L.O.: G1

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616) Which of the following is TRUE regarding faith-based beliefs and scientific theories?A) Both faith-based beliefs and scientific theories can be proven.B) Any and all faith-based beliefs can be disproven, but scientific theories cannot.C) Any and all scientific theories can be disproven, but faith-based beliefs cannot.D) Scientific theories are not modifiable, but faith-based beliefs are.E) Faith-based beliefs can become scientific theories.Answer: CDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.9Global L.O.: G117) Which is the correct sequence of increasing organization?A) Molecule, cell, organelle, organB) Organelle, tissue, cell, organC) Atom, molecule, tissue, cellD) Organ, tissue, cell, moleculeE) Cell, tissue, organ, organ systemAnswer: EDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.3Global L.O.: G118) Which of the following levels of organization is the most inclusive (i.e., includes the mostlife-forms)?A) SpeciesB) PopulationC) BiosphereD) CommunityE) EcosystemAnswer: CDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.3Global L.O.: G1

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719) The smallest units that still retain the characteristics of an element are calledA) molecules.B) cells.C) atoms.D) tissues.E) organic molecules.Answer: CDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.1Global L.O.: G120) Which of the following is an example of deductive reasoning?A) All objects on Earth will fall down when dropped, and none will "fall up."B) Living objects are composed of cells.C) Atoms make up molecules, which make up cells, which make up tissues.D) If an object exhibits all the characteristics of life, it must be living.Answer: DDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.7Global L.O.: G121) The experiments of Francesco RediA) disproved that maggots and flies were related.B) disproved the idea of spontaneous generation.C) disproved the scientific method.D) used the scientific method to prove the idea of spontaneous generation.E) determined that fly larvae were present in raw meat, and when left on the counter they turnedinto flies.Answer: BDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.6; 1.7Global L.O.: G1

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822) Francesco Redi designed an experiment to test the notion of spontaneous generation. He leftthe first jar of meat open to the air and covered the second jar. The first jar would be called the________ jar.A) experimentalB) controlC) conclusiveD) hypotheticalAnswer: BDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.6; 1.7Global L.O.: G123) To test the effect of vitamin D on growth, two groups of rats were raised under identicalconditions and fed the same diet. One of the groups received daily injections of vitamin D. Theother group received injections of saline, which did not contain vitamin D. All the rats wereweighed weekly for 2 months. In this experiment, the control was theA) group receiving vitamin D.B) group receiving saline.C) average weight gain of the rats.D) 2-month period of time.Answer: BDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.7; 1.8Global L.O.: G124) Evolution is sometimes described as the change from preexisting life-forms to modern-dayorganisms. What actually changes, in every case of evolution, is theA) rate of reproduction.B) ability of organisms to respond to external stimuli.C) energy and nutritional demands of the organism.D) genetic makeup of the species, due to mutations.E) species' physical appearance.Answer: DDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Synthesis/EvaluationLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G1

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925) All of the following are important to the theory of evolution EXCEPTA) environmental change.B) variation in traits within an entire population.C) mutations.D) inheritance of traits.E) changes in individuals within their lifetimes.Answer: EDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G126) Which is NOT an example of evolution?A) The development of antibiotic-resistant bacteriaB) Flightless birds living on islands without predatorsC) Annual changes in the flu virus due to mutationsD) A dog learning how to open the cabinet where its food is keptE) The 2- to 3-year effectiveness of most commercial pesticides in killing insectsAnswer: DDiff: 3Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G127) A mutation can be the cause forA) environmental change.B) natural selection.C) sexual reproduction.D) growth and development.E) sperm and egg formation.Answer: BDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G1

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1028) A mutation is aA) physical deformity, such as the loss of a limb.B) change in the DNA sequence.C) dose of radiation.D) defective egg or sperm cell.Answer: BDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G129) In a word, "evolution" meansA) selection.B) improvement.C) nature.D) change.Answer: DDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G130) The concept of evolution is based onA) any type of genetic variation within a population.B) parents with variations that pass these variations on to their offspring.C) survival and successful reproduction in organisms with favorable variations.D) all genetic variation in a population being equally successful in the same environment.Answer: CDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G1

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1131) All of the following are examples of adaptations EXCEPTA) mice learning a maze to get food.B) larger teeth in beavers for gnawing wood.C) different beak shapes for birds that eat seeds or insects.D) insects that resemble twigs.E) flower coloration that attracts pollinators.Answer: ADiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G132) Suppose an organism has an enzyme that repairs changes in its DNA. The result is a decreasein mutations. This trait would definitely influence the organism's ability toA) obtain energy.B) evolve.C) move.D) maintain homeostasis.Answer: BDiff: 3Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G133) The variation among individuals, on which natural selection acts, describesA) physical training and exercise.B) genetic differences.C) random occurrences in the lifetimes of individuals.D) nutritional differences.Answer: BDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G1

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1234) Chromosomes are made ofA) cells.B) carbohydrates.C) DNA.D) DNA and proteins.E) proteins.Answer: DDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.2; 1.3Global L.O.: G135) A change in the genetic makeup of a species over time is calledA) adaptation.B) evolution.C) mutation.D) natural causality.Answer: BDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G136) Adaptations include all of the following EXCEPTA) inborn migratory behavior of young birds born in the Arctic.B) reduced heart rate and oxygen consumption in seals that dive deep for long periods of time.C) larger body size in male gorillas, which fight over females.D) teaching a pet parrot to talk.Answer: DDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Synthesis/EvaluationLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G1

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1337) Dinosaurs are not alive today because theyA) evolved too quickly in response to a changing environment.B) evolved adaptations that were beneficial in their constant, unchanging environment.C) did not evolve fast enough to keep up with rapid environmental change.D) did not possess the genetic material that beneficial mutations act on.Answer: CDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G1; G238) Which of the following is a characteristic of living organisms?A) Ability to produce energyB) Eat other organismsC) Maintenance and regulation of internal conditionsD) Have a nucleusE) Have membrane-bound organellesAnswer: CDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.3Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.1Global L.O.: G139) All of the following are true of all living organisms EXCEPT that theyA) are made of cells.B) can grow.C) can reproduce themselves.D) respond to stimuli.E) possess either DNA or RNA.Answer: EDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.3Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.1Global L.O.: G1

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1440) After you drink a glass of acidic lemonade, your body's pH does not change. This is anexample of how humans and other organismsA) maintain precise internal conditions through homeostasis.B) maintain cellular organization.C) evolve in response to the environment.D) are immune to weak acids.Answer: ADiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.3Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.1Global L.O.: G141) Why do humans born without sweat glands usually not survive?A) Sweating is an important mechanism for maintaining the correct body temperature.B) Sweat glands create openings in the skin where gas exchange occurs.C) Sweating is the only way the body eliminates excess water.D) Sweating is important for eliminating impurities from the body.Answer: ADiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.3Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.1; 1.2Global L.O.: G1; G242) An organism's ability to detect stimuli from either the internal or external environment iscalledA) natural selection.B) mutation.C) responsiveness.D) DNA.E) evolution.Answer: CDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.3Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.1Global L.O.: G1

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1543) You observe a plant on your windowsill that is growing at an angle toward the outside. Thisis an example of a living thingA) maintaining precise internal conditions.B) responding to stimuli.C) reproducing.D) evolving.Answer: BDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.3Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.1Global L.O.: G144) Using its antennae, the male moth finds female moths by following a trail of airbornechemicals, calledpheromones, upwind from the female producing them. This is an example ofhow living thingsA) acquire nutrients.B) grow.C) reproduce.D) detect and respond to stimuli.E) maintain precise internal conditions.Answer: DDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.3Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.1Global L.O.: G145) An organism in the domain Eukarya is characterized by all of the following EXCEPTA) being composed of prokaryotic cells.B) ingestion of organic matter to acquire nutrients.C) the potential to grow and reproduce.D) the ability to maintain precise internal conditions.Answer: ADiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.5Global L.O.: G1

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1646) Why do heterotrophs require "food" for survival?A) Food is an alternative source of energy for heterotrophs when sunlight is unavailable.B) Food provides the organic chemicals needed by heterotrophs.C) Food provides at least half of the water required by heterotrophs.D) Heterotrophs cannot photosynthesize without the chemicals provided by food.Answer: BDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Synthesis/EvaluationLearning Outcome: 1.1; 1.4Global L.O.: G1; G247) The main difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph isA) how they reproduce.B) how they respond to stimuli.C) their ability to move.D) how they obtain energy.Answer: DDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.4; 1.5Global L.O.: G1

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17For the following question(s), choose the characteristic of a living organism that bestcorresponds to each statement. Selections may be used once, more than once, or not at all.A) GrowthB) ReproductionC) EvolutionD) Response to stimuli48) A sunflower follows the sun as it moves across the sky during the period of a single day.Diff: 2Chapter Section: 1.3Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.1Global L.O.: G149) A puppy is born weighing 5 pounds and eventually becomes a 75-pound golden retriever.Diff: 2Chapter Section: 1.3Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.1Global L.O.: G150) At the beginning of the week, a plant is 3 inches tall and at the end of the week, it is 4 inchestall.Diff: 2Chapter Section: 1.3Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.1Global L.O.: G151) A paramecium moves from direct light toward the dark.Diff: 2Chapter Section: 1.3Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.1Global L.O.: G152) A bacterium divides into two bacteria that are identical to, but smaller than, the originalbacterium.Diff: 2Chapter Section: 1.3Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.1Global L.O.: G1

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1853) Over time, the average neck length of giraffes has increased. Only those giraffes with longernecks survived by eating the leaves high up on the trees, and they were able to reproduce andpass those long-neck genes on to the next generation.Diff: 2Chapter Section: 1.3Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.1; 1.2Global L.O.: G1Answers: 48) D 49) A 50) A 51) D 52) B 53) C54) Of the following levels of organization, Archaea haveA) atoms only.B) molecules only.C) organs only.D) atoms and molecules.E) atoms, molecules, and organs.Answer: DDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.3Global L.O.: G155) In evolutionary terms, which of the following cells is considered to be the most primitive?A) EukaryoteB) ProkaryoteC) AutotrophD) HeterotrophAnswer: BDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.4Global L.O.: G156) In which kingdom does a multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic organism belong?A) ProtistsB) FungiC) PlantaeD) AnimaliaAnswer: CDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.4; 1.5Global L.O.: G1

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1957) A basic difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell is that the prokaryotic cellA) possesses membrane-bound organelles.B) lacks DNA.C) lacks a nucleus.D) is considerably larger.E) is structurally more complex.Answer: CDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.4Global L.O.: G158) Which of the following statements about the Bacteria and Eukarya domains is TRUE?A) All members of Bacteria are single-celled and all members of Eukarya are multicellular.B) All members of Bacteria acquire nutrients via ingestion and all members of Eukarya acquirenutrients by photosynthesis.C) Only members of Eukarya have the ability to grow and reproduce.D) All members of Bacteria are prokaryotic cells and all members of Eukarya are eukaryoticcells.Answer: DDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.4Global L.O.: G159) Which group has prokaryotic individuals?A) Protist kingdomsB) Kingdom FungiC) Kingdom PlantaeD) Kingdom AnimaliaE) Domain ArchaeaAnswer: EDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.4; 1.5Global L.O.: G1

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2060) Which kingdom possesses unicellular animal-like species and unicellular plantlike species?A) FungiB) AnimaliaC) ProtistaD) PlantaeAnswer: CDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.5Global L.O.: G161) A cell that lacks organelles is a(n)A) member of the Kingdom Plantae.B) animal cell.C) prokaryotic cell.D) eukaryotic cell.Answer: CDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.4Global L.O.: G11.2True/False Questions1) Scientific theories are the same in any part of the world (meaning they do not vary bylocation).Answer: FALSEDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.9Global L.O.: G12) Scientific experimentation generally leads to more questions.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.7Global L.O.: G1

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213) A good experiment should include as many variables as possible at the same time.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.7Global L.O.: G14) A hypothesis is typically stated as an "If . . . then" statement.Answer: FALSEDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.7Global L.O.: G15) Variation among organisms is due to mutations.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G16) Adaptations aid in the survival and reproduction of an organism in a particular environment.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G17) The energy that sustains life ultimately comes from sunlight.Answer: TRUEDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.3Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.1Global L.O.: G18) Photosynthetic bacteria are examples of autotrophs.Answer: TRUEDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.4Global L.O.: G1

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229) Prokaryotic cells have a true nucleus and eukaryotic cells do not.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.4Global L.O.: G110) Biodiversity is the total number of organisms in an ecosystem.Answer: FALSEDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.3Global L.O.: G11.3Fill-in-the-Blank Questions1) All scientific study begins with ________ and the formation of testable hypotheses.Answer: observationsDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.7Global L.O.: G12) A group of individuals who are able to interbreed, regardless of their geographical location, isdefined as a(n) ________.Answer: speciesDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.3Global L.O.: G13) A group of similar, interbreeding individuals that live in the same area is a(n) ________.Answer: populationDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.3Global L.O.: G1

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234) The basic unit of life is the ________.Answer: cellDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.3Global L.O.: G15) Errors or changes in the DNA of an organism are called ________.Answer: mutationsDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G16) The three natural processes that underlie evolution are genetic variation, inheritance, and________.Answer: natural selectionDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G17) Single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus belong to the domains Bacteria and ________.Answer: ArchaeaDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.4Global L.O.: G18) Cells that contain a nucleus are eukaryotic, and cells without a nucleus are ________.Answer: prokaryoticDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.4Global L.O.: G1

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249) Photosynthetic plants are considered "self-feeders," or ________.Answer: autotrophsDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.5Global L.O.: G11.4Short Answer Questions1) Consider the observation that people taking Drug X for headaches also seem to have lowblood pressure. Design a simple experiment based on this observation, and include a hypothesisstatement and your actual experimental design for the study.Answer: Answers should include a controlled variable, repetition, and a hypothesis statement.Diff: 3Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.7Global L.O.: G1; G82) The instructions for producing and maintaining life are contained in what molecule?Answer: DNADiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.1Global L.O.: G1; G83) Evolution is based on adaptations that aid in the survival and reproduction of a species. Listthree different adaptations.Answer: There are many correct answers. Some acceptable answers are roots of plants that helpland plants gain water, fleshy fish fins that allow for movement across a surface, and wings ofeagles that aid in hunting.Diff: 3Chapter Section: 1.2Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.2Global L.O.: G1; G8

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254) Imagine that in 2020 you are the top biologist at a research station studying biodiversity inCosta Rica. A young scientist brings you a sample from a previously unexplored site. She asksyou to look at the sample and determine whether it indeed contains microscopic, livingorganisms. As you begin your investigations, you must first decide what characteristicsdistinguish life from nonlife. How would you differentiate a living organism from nonlivingmatter (including viruses and prions)?Answer: Answers should describe several characteristics of a living organism.Diff: 2Chapter Section: 1.3Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.1Global L.O.: G1; G85) Definebiodiversity.Answer: Biodiversity is the number of species in a given geographic region.Diff: 1Chapter Section: 1.3Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 1.3Global L.O.: G1; G86) List four characteristics of living things, and give an example to illustrate each.Answer: There are many correct answers. Some acceptable answers are: Living things are bothcomplex and organized (cells have organelles with specific organization); living things respondto stimuli (plants grow toward light); living things maintain homeostasis (the human bodymaintains its body temperature); living things acquire and use energy (plants usephotosynthesis); living things grow (animals grow during their lifetime); living things reproduce(organisms produce offspring); living things have the capacity to evolve (bacteria have evolvedantibiotic resistance).Diff: 2Chapter Section: 1.3Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.1Global L.O.: G1; G87) Describe at least two cellular-level differences between a photosynthetic prokaryote and aplant.Answer: The prokaryote does not have any membrane-bound organelles (including a nucleus),but the plant (being a eukaryote) does. The prokaryote is unicellular, whereas the plant ismulticellular.Diff: 2Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.4Global L.O.: G1; G8

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261.5Art Questions1) Which of the following is NOT a part of the community shown in this figure?A) Pronghorn antelopeB) StreamC) SnakeD) GrassE) HawkAnswer: BDiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.3Global L.O.: G1; G8

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272) The "first cells" shown at the bottom of this illustration were most likelyA) prokaryotes.B) animals.C) plants.D) fungi.E) protists.Answer: ADiff: 1Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.4Global L.O.: G1; G81.6Scenario Questions1) A 57-year-old woman was admitted to a hospital with an infected toe, and the infection wasspreading rapidly. The damage was being caused by an unknown microorganism that could notbe cultured in the lab. Doctors observed that antibiotics, which kill only prokaryotes, wereineffective. They suspected that the microbe was a fungus, so they tried the drug Amphotericin,which targets the ergosterols in fungal cells. Because animal cells contain cholesterols, notergosterols, they are unaffected by the drug. Shortly after receiving Amphotericin, the patientimproved, her infection ceased, and she was released from the hospital.In this scenario, what was the hypothesis?A) The infection will spread rapidly.B) Antibiotics will not kill the microbe because it is a fungal species.C) If the infection is caused by an animal, then Amphotericin will cure the patient.D) A microbe that has cholesterol is causing the infection.E) Why didn't the antibiotics kill the microbe that caused the infection?Answer: BDiff: 3Chapter Section: 1.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.7Global L.O.: G1; G2

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282) Suppose that a meteorite crashes into Earth and a sample of it is taken to a local research labfor analysis. Embedded several inches within the rocky structure, a microscopic cluster ofdormant, spore-like structures is found. The scientists culture some of this material in a standardmicrobiological nutrient broth, and they are surprised to find many single-celled "organisms"moving around, growing, and reproducing in the broth. The "organisms" behave the same in bothdaylight and dark conditions, do not require oxygen, and thrive under a wide range oftemperatures and pH levels. They stop moving, growing, and reproducing, however, when fewernutrients are available in the medium.In this scenario, the "organisms" most closely resemble a(n)A) autotrophic species of Eukarya.B) photosynthetic species of Bacteria.C) heterotrophic species of Archaea.D) nonliving virus.E) heterotrophic species of Eukarya.Answer: CDiff: 2Chapter Section: 1.4Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 1.4Global L.O.: G1; G2

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1Biology: Life on Earth w/ Physiology, 11e(Audesirk/Audesirk/Byers)Chapter 2Atoms, Molecules, and Life2.1Multiple-Choice Questions1) A substance with specific properties that cannot be broken down or converted into anothersubstance is called a(n)A) element.B) molecule.C) ion.D) compound.E) mixture.Answer: ADiff: 1Chapter Section: 2.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 2.1Global L.O.: G12) If you examined the human body on a chemical composition basis, which of the followingcombinations of elements would be most common?A) O, C, P, SB) O, C, N, NaC) C, H, Ca, ClD) C, N, Ca, SE) O, C, H, NAnswer: EDiff: 2Chapter Section: 2.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 2.1Global L.O.: G13) The atomic number of an atom is defined as theA) number of electrons in the outermost energy level.B) total number of energy shells.C) number of neutrons in the atomic nucleus.D) number of protons in the atomic nucleus.E) total number of electrons and neutrons.Answer: DDiff: 2Chapter Section: 2.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 2.2Global L.O.: G1

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24) Phosphorus has an atomic number of 15, so what is the distribution of its electrons?A) The first energy level has 8 and the second has 7.B) The first energy level has 2, the second has 8, and the third has 5.C) The first energy level has 2 and the second has 13.D) The first, second, and third energy levels have 5 electrons each.E) The electron arrangement cannot be determined from the atomic number alone.Answer: BDiff: 2Chapter Section: 2.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 2.2Global L.O.: G15) Which four elements make up approximately 96% of living matter?A) Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygenB) Carbon, phosphorus, hydrogen, sulfurC) Carbon, sodium, chlorine, magnesiumD) Carbon, oxygen, calcium, sulfurE) Oxygen, hydrogen, calcium, sodiumAnswer: ADiff: 2Chapter Section: 2.1Skill: Knowledge/ComprehensionLearning Outcome: 2.2Global L.O.: G16) Imagine that you have been hired as a chemist and your first task is to examine a newlydiscovered atom. The paperwork you are given states that its atomic number is 110. What doesthis mean?A) The atom contains 110 protons.B) The atom contains 55 electrons.C) The atom contains 55 protons and 55 neutrons.D) The atom is an isotope.Answer: ADiff: 1Chapter Section: 2.1Skill: Application/AnalysisLearning Outcome: 2.2Global L.O.: G1

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