Test Bank For Ecology: Concepts And Applications, 6th Edition

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Chapter 01 - Introduction to Ecology: Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers
1-1
Chapter 01
Introduction to Ecology: Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers
Multiple Choice Questions
1. Which of the following levels of organization is/are correctly ordered?
A. population, ecosystem, landscape, individual, interaction
B. individual, population, interaction, community, ecosystem
C. biosphere, landscape, individual, community, interaction
D. ecosystem, landscape, region, interaction, population
E. None of the choices are correct.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.01.01 Describe the levels of ecological organization, for example, population, studied by ecologists.
Section: 01.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
Topic: Community Ecology
Topic: Population Ecology
2. Robert MacArthur's observations on the Warblers of North America indicate that they
A. are fiercely competitive.
B. cannot coexist.
C. reduce competition by feeding during different times of the day.
D. reduce competition by feeding in different zones.
E. both are fiercely competitive and cannot coexist.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.02.01 Describe some emerging frontiers in ecology.
Section: 01.02
Topic: Community Ecology

Chapter 01 - Introduction to Ecology: Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers
1-2
3. What is ecology?
A. the study of relationships between organisms and the environment
B. the study of animal and plant population interactions
C. the study of the abiotic portion of the environment
D. the study of the biosphere
E. the study of environmental change
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.00.01 Define ecology.
Section: 01.00
Topic: Behavioral Ecology
Topic: Community Ecology
Topic: Population Ecology
4. The ‘scientific method' includes
A. observations, experiments, and modeling.
B. posing questions and formulating testable hypotheses.
C. statistical analysis.
D. observations, experiments, and modeling; posing questions and formulating testable
hypotheses; and statistical analysis.
E. both observations, experiments, and modeling, and posing questions and formulating
testable hypotheses.
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate
Learning Outcome: 01.Investigating the Evidence Analyze and Interpret Data
Section: Investigating the Evidence
Topic: General
5. Nalini Nadkarni's study of tropical and temperate rain forests determined that
A. rain forests have nutrient rich soils.
B. the herbaceous layer determines the nutrient balance.
C. epiphyte mats contain a significant source of nutrients.
D. as one moves up the canopy, species richness decreases.
E. None of the choices are correct.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.02.01 Describe some emerging frontiers in ecology.
Section: 01.02
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

Chapter 01 - Introduction to Ecology: Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers
1-3
6. The highest level of ecological organization focuses on
A. the gene.
B. the biosphere.
C. warbler use of trees.
D. forests.
E. None of the choices are correct.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 01.01.01 Describe the levels of ecological organization, for example, population, studied by ecologists.
Section: 01.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
7. A population can be defined as
A. a group of individuals of a single species inhabiting a defined area.
B. an association of interacting species.
C. a group of individuals of a single species and all of the physical and chemical factors
influencing them.
D. all of the organisms in a defined area.
E. None of the choices are correct.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.01.01 Describe the levels of ecological organization, for example, population, studied by ecologists.
Section: 01.01
Topic: Population Ecology
8. Physiological ecologists study
A. nutrient cycling and energy flow through ecosystems.
B. exchanges of materials, energy, and organisms between communities.
C. physiological and anatomical mechanisms by which organisms deal with variation in their
physical and chemical environment.
D. physiological and anatomical mechanisms by which organisms deal with variation in their
social environment.
E. None of the choices are correct.
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate
Learning Outcome: 01.01.02 Distinguish between the types of questions addressed by ecologists working at different levels of organization.
Section: 01.01
Topic: Behavioral Ecology

Chapter 01 - Introduction to Ecology: Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers
1-4
9. The pioneering work of Nalini Nadkarni in rain forest ecology revealed that
A. epiphyte mats in some tropical forests contain nutrient quantities equal to the nutrient
content of the canopy foliage.
B. the epiphyte mass in temperate rain forests may be four times the mass of leaves on their
host tree.
C. in both temperate and tropical rain forests, trees obtain nutrients by extending roots into
epiphyte mats.
D. All of the choices are correct.
E. both the epiphyte mass in temperate rain forests may be four times the mass of leaves on
their host tree and, in both temperate and tropical rain forests, trees obtain nutrients by
extending roots into epiphyte mats.
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate
Learning Outcome: 01.02.01 Describe some emerging frontiers in ecology.
Section: 01.02
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
10. Population ecologists do not study
A. reproductive ecology.
B. distribution and abundance.
C. energy flow.
D. extinction.
E. adaptation.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.01.02 Distinguish between the types of questions addressed by ecologists working at different levels of organization.
Section: 01.01
Topic: Population Ecology
11. Ecologists study
A. communities.
B. ecosystems.
C. individual organisms.
D. populations.
E. All of the choices are correct.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.01.01 Describe the levels of ecological organization, for example, population, studied by ecologists.
Section: 01.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
Topic: Community Ecology
Topic: Population Ecology

Chapter 01 - Introduction to Ecology: Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers
1-5
12. An ecosystem is defined as
A. all the organisms that live in an area.
B. the physical environment with which organisms interact.
C. an association of interacting species.
D. all of the organisms that live in an area and the physical environment with which they
interact.
E. all of the individuals of a single species that live in an area and the physical environment
with which they interact.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.01.01 Describe the levels of ecological organization, for example, population, studied by ecologists.
Section: 01.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
13. According to Margaret Davis, who studied pollen contained within lake sediments, the
vegetation landscape of the Appalachian Mountains from 12,000 years ago until
approximately 100 years ago changed as follows:
A. spruce→chestnut→beech.
B. chestnut→spruce→beech.
C. beech→spruce→chestnut.
D. spruce→beech→chestnut.
E. chestnut→beech→spruce.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.02.01 Describe some emerging frontiers in ecology.
Section: 01.02
Topic: Community Ecology
True / False Questions
14. Norris and colleagues found that warblers using different habitats did not have different
carbon isotopes in the tissues.
FALSE
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.02.02 Explain how the use of stable isotopes has extended what it is possible to know about the ecology of warblers.
Section: 01.02
Topic: Community Ecology

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Chapter 01 - Introduction to Ecology: Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers
1-6
15. Field studies and laboratory studies are mutually exclusive.
FALSE
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.Investigating the Evidence Analyze and Interpret Data
Section: Investigating the Evidence
Topic: General
16. Temperate and tropical rain forest trees extract nutrients from epiphytic mats.
TRUE
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.02.01 Describe some emerging frontiers in ecology.
Section: 01.02
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
17. Stable isotope analysis uses variation in element masses to better understand ecological
phenomena.
TRUE
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.02.02 Explain how the use of stable isotopes has extended what it is possible to know about the ecology of warblers.
Section: 01.02
Topic: Community Ecology
Topic: General
18. Margaret Davis' studies on lake pollen sediments indicate that the forests of eastern North
America did not change with the changing climate.
FALSE
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.02.01 Describe some emerging frontiers in ecology.
Section: 01.02
Topic: Community Ecology

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Chapter 01 - Introduction to Ecology: Historical Foundations and Developing Frontiers
1-7
19. The scientific method deals with absolute truths.
FALSE
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.Investigating the Evidence Analyze and Interpret Data
Section: Investigating the Evidence
Topic: General
20. Ecology can be defined as the study of the impact of human activity on the environment.
FALSE
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.00.01 Define ecology.
Section: 01.00
Topic: General
21. Ecology is a modern science of which ancient man had no knowledge.
FALSE
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.00.01 Define ecology.
Section: 01.00
Topic: General
Fill in the Blank Questions
22. ____________ are aerial plants obtaining nutrient from trapped organic matter.
Epiphytes
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 01.02.01 Describe some emerging frontiers in ecology.
Section: 01.02
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

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Chapter 02 - Life on Land
2-1
Chapter 02
Life on Land
Multiple Choice Questions
1. A biome is characterized primarily by
A. flora and fauna.
B. temperature and moisture.
C. climate and predominate plant types.
D. global weather patterns.
E. None of the choices are correct.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 02.03.02 Describe the climatic differences among the biomes.
Section: 02.03
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
2. Earth's climatic variation is due to
A. the spherical shape of the earth.
B. earth's axial rotation as it orbits the sun.
C. uneven heating of the earth's surface.
D. All of the choices are correct.
E. None of the choices are correct.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 02.01.02 Define biome.
Section: 02.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
3. Which of the following soil horizon profiles is ordered correctly?
A. A, B, C, O
B. O, A, B, C
C. O, B, A, C
D. C, B, O, A
E. None of the choices are correct.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 02.02.01 Draw a soil profile, including typical soil horizons.
Section: 02.02
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

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Chapter 02 - Life on Land
2-2
4. Coriolis effect causes winds in the
A. Northern Hemisphere to deflect to the left.
B. Northern Hemisphere to deflect to the right.
C. Southern Hemisphere to deflect to the right.
D. Northern and Southern Hemispheres to deflect to the left.
E. Northern and Southern Hemispheres to deflect to the right.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 02.01.04 Explain the influence of the Coriolis effect on wind direction.
Section: 02.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
5. All of the following statements concerning wind are true except:
A. northeast trade winds blow toward the poles.
B. southeast trade winds blow toward the equator.
C. polar easterlies blow toward the equator.
D. westerlies blow toward the south pole in the southern hemisphere.
E. westerlies blow toward the north pole in the northern hemisphere.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 02.01.04 Explain the influence of the Coriolis effect on wind direction.
Section: 02.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
6. Warm tropical air
A. is dense and sinks.
B. has a low evaporative potential.
C. cools as it ascends.
D. warms as it ascends.
E. meets cool polar air causing precipitation in the tropics.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 02.01.02 Define biome.
Section: 02.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

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Chapter 02 - Life on Land
2-3
7. All of the following statements are true except:
A. A horizon: mixture of organic and mineral materials.
B. B horizon: deposition of clay and humus.
C. C horizon: weathered parent material.
D. O horizon: organic layer.
E. All of the choices are correct.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 02.02.02 Describe the characteristics of each of the typical soil horizons.
Section: 02.02
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
8. Heating of the earth's surface causes
A. cool air to rise and warm air to sink.
B. warm air to rise and cool air to sink.
C. warm and cool air to condense.
D. warm and cool air to mix.
E. None of the choices are correct.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 02.01.02 Define biome.
Section: 02.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
9. Which soil horizon is most influenced by climate?
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. O
E. All are equally influenced.
Bloom's Level: 1. Remember
Learning Outcome: 02.02.03 Discuss how climate, organisms, topography, parent material, and time can influence soil development and
structure.
Section: 02.02
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

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Chapter 02 - Life on Land
2-4
10. Which of the following terrestrial biomes are maintained by fires?
A. tropical dry forests
B. temperate forests and mountains
C. Mediterranean woodlands and shrublands
D. tropical savannas and temperate grasslands
E. boreal forests and tundra
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 02.03.02 Describe the climatic differences among the biomes.
Section: 02.03
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
11. There are(is) _______ convective air cell(s) per hemisphere, _______ total for the earth.
A. 1; 2
B. 2; 4
C. 3; 6
D. 4; 8
E. 5; 10
Bloom's Level: 4. Analyze
Learning Outcome: 02.01.02 Define biome.
Section: 02.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
12. Climatic diagrams provide all of the following information except:
A. wind patterns.
B. average minimum temperature above and below 0C.
C. temperature and precipitation variations.
D. wet and dry season durations.
E. None of the choices are correct.
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate
Learning Outcome: 02.01.03 Interpret a climate diagram.
Section: 02.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

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Chapter 02 - Life on Land
2-5
13. Most of the earth's deserts are
A. located at 0latitude.
B. located at 30north and south latitudes.
C. located at 60north and south latitudes.
D. located at 90north and south latitudes.
E. randomly scattered around the earth's surface.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 02.03.02 Describe the climatic differences among the biomes.
Section: 02.03
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
14. The Northern and Southern Hemispheres receive approximately equal amounts of solar
radiation on the
A. spring equinox.
B. northern summer solstice.
C. autumnal equinox.
D. southern winter solstice.
E. both spring equinox and autumnal equinox.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 02.01.01 Describe how natural history has helped with restoration of tropical dry forest in Costa Rica.
Section: 02.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
15. Tropical dry forests are located between
A. 0 and 10 north and south latitudes.
B. 0 and 25 south latitude.
C. 10 and 25 north and south latitudes.
D. 10 and 25 south latitude.
E. None of the choices are correct.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 02.03.02 Describe the climatic differences among the biomes.
Section: 02.03
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

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Chapter 02 - Life on Land
2-6
16. All of the following statements are true except:
A. Tropical rain forests are continuously warm and wet.
B. Tropical dry forests have rainy and dry seasons.
C. In a desert, evaporation exceeds precipitation.
D. Taigas have moderate temperatures with occasional droughts.
E. Tundras are cold and dry.
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate
Learning Outcome: 02.03.02 Describe the climatic differences among the biomes.
Section: 02.03
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
17. All of the following components influence soil structure except:
A. age.
B. parent material.
C. climate.
D. organisms.
E. None of the choices are correct.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 02.02.03 Discuss how climate, organisms, topography, parent material, and time can influence soil development and
structure.
Section: 02.02
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
18. Atmospheric circulation and precipitation patterns are influenced by which of the
following?
A. rising and sinking of warm and cool air masses
B. uneven heating of the earth's surface and atmosphere by the sun
C. differential ability of cool and warm air masses to hold water vapor
D. Coriolis effect
E. All of the choices are correct.
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 02.01.02 Define biome.
Section: 02.01
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

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Chapter 02 - Life on Land
2-7
19. The _______________ is a depositional horizon that contains clays, humus, and other
materials which may form distinct banding patterns.
A. A horizon
B. B horizon
C. C horizon
D. D horizon
E. O horizon
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 02.02.02 Describe the characteristics of each of the typical soil horizons.
Section: 02.02
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
20. Which of the following is true for the Palmer Drought Severity Index?
A. It uses temperature and precipitation to calculate moisture conditions relative to long-term
averages.
B. Negative values reflect drought conditions.
C. Values near zero reflect average rainfall conditions.
D. It demonstrates both temporal and spatial climatic variation.
E. All of the choices are correct.
Bloom's Level: 5. Evaluate
Learning Outcome: 02.Applications.02 Describe the Palmer Drought Severity Index.
Section: Applications
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems
21. Which of the following is not a characteristic of the boreal forest?
A. dominated by evergreen conifers such as spruce and fir
B. home to moose and migratory caribou
C. sparse plant cover
D. thick layer of plant litter that ties up nutrients
E. low fertility, thin, acidic soil
Bloom's Level: 2. Understand
Learning Outcome: 02.03.04 Describe the types of vegetation, animals, and other organisms characteristic of the terrestrial biomes.
Section: 02.03
Topic: Biomes and Ecosystems

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